Chapter 12

Question 1

Frequency Estimate

Answer 1

Assessment of how often various events have occurred in the past.

Question 2

Attribute Substitution

Answer 2

Strategy in which you rely on easily assessed information as a proxy for the information you really need.

Question 3

Availability Heuristic

Answer 3

Where a person needs to judge the frequency of a certain type of object or the likelihood of a certain type of event.

Question 4

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 4

Strategy used in making judgments about categories. Where the prototype will resemble each instance.

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

Efficient strategy that usually lead to the right answer.

Question 6

Covariation

Answer 6

Relationship between two variables such that the presence of one variable can be predicted from the presence of the other.

Question 7

Confirmation Bias

Answer 7

Tendency to be more responsive to evidence that confirms your beliefs rather than to evidence that might challenge your beliefs.

Question 8

Base-Rate Information

Answer 8

Information about how frequently something occurs in general.

Question 9

Dual-Process

Answer 9

Model of thinking that claims people have two distinct means of making judgments (Type 1 and Type 2).

Question 10

Type 1

Answer 10

Judgment and reasoning strategy that is fast and effortless, but prone to error.

Question 11

Type 2

Answer 11

Judgment and reasoning strategy that is slower and requires more effort than Type 1, but is less prone to error.

Question 12

Induction

Answer 12

Process through which you make forecasts about new cases, based on the cases you’ve observed so far.

Question 13

Deduction

Answer 13

Process in which you start with claims or assertions that you count as given and then ask what follows from these premises.

Question 14

Belief Perseverance

Answer 14

Tendency to continue endorsing some assertion or claim, even when the clearly available evidence completely undermines that claim.

Question 15

Categorical Syllogisms

Answer 15

Type of logical argument that begins with two assertions, each containing a statement about a category.

Question 16

Premises

Answer 16

Proposition that is assumed to be true in a logic problem; problem asks what conclusion follows from its premises.

Question 17

Valid Syllogisms

Answer 17

Conclusion does follow from the premises stated.

Question 18

Invalid Syllogism

Answer 18

A syllogism in which the conclusion is not logically demanded by the premises.

Question 19

Belief Bias

Answer 19

If a syllogism’s conclusion happens to be something people believe to be true anyhow, they’re likely to judge the conclusion as following logically from the premises.

Question 20

Conditional Statements

Answer 20

Statements of the familiar “If X, then Y” format, with the first statement providing a condition under which the second statement is guaranteed to be true.

Question 21

Selection Task (Four-Card Task)

Answer 21

Procedure used to study reasoning, in which a person is presented with four cards with certain information on either side of the card. Person is also given a rule that may describe the cards, and the person’s task is to decide which cards must be turned over to find out if the rule describes the cards or not.

Question 22

Utility Maximization

Answer 22

Proposal that people make decisions by selecting the option that has the greatest utility.

Question 23

Frame

Answer 23

Aspects of how a decision is phrased that are irrelevant to the decision but that influence people’s choices nonetheless.

Question 24

Risk Seeking

Answer 24

Preference to gamble, presumably because they hope to avoid or reduce the loss.

Question 25

Risk Aversion

Answer 25

Refusal to gamble, choosing instead to hold tight to what they already have.

Question 26

Reason-Based Choice

Answer 26

To make decisions that we think are reasonable and justified.

Question 27

Somatic Markers

Answer 27

Anticipated events can produce bodily arousal, they are a guide to decision-making.

Question 28

Affective Forecasting

Answer 28

Ability to predict one’s own emotions, usually inaccurate.

Question 29

Gambler’s Fallacy

Answer 29

Chance has a memory; “man who” anecdotes where a personal case is generalizing for a whole category.

Question 30

Illusory Covariation

Answer 30

Perceived pattern such that one variable predicts another.

Question 31

Diagnostic Information

Answer 31

Does an individual case belong to a category?