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Memory & Cognition > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

The Neural Basis for Cognition

1
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

Individual is able to recognize a loved one’s face, but no feeling of familiarity (has cognitive system, not emotional system).

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2
Q

Neuroimaging Techniques

A

Method for examining the structure of the activation pattern within a living brain.

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3
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional evaluator, helping an organism to detect stimuli associated with threat or danger. Also detects positive stimuli such as reward process.

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4
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Planning of complex behaviors, underlying many of the brain’s executive functions. Decision-making and planning.

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5
Q

Hindbrain

A

Controls key life functions; rhythm of heartbeats, breathing is regulated, posture and balance, and level of alertness.

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

Body movements, balance, spatial reasoning, discriminating sounds, and integrating the input received from various sensory systems.

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7
Q

Midbrain

A

Coordinating movements (also precise), aids in auditory information, and helps recognize the experience of pain.

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8
Q

Forebrain

A

Crucial role in supporting intellectual functioning.

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9
Q

Cortex

A

Outermost surface of an organ in the body.

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10
Q

Convolutions

A

Wrinkles in the cerebral cortex that allow the surface area of the human brain to be stuffed into the relatively small volume of the skull.

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11
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

The separation dividing the brain’s left cerebral hemisphere from the right.

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12
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Divided into two parts (left and right hemispheres) that constitute the major part of the forebrain in mammals.

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13
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movements. Withholds primary projection areas.

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14
Q

Central Fissure

A

Separation dividing the frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the parietal lobes

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Includes some of the primary sensory projection areas, as well as the process circuits for attention.

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16
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

Separation dividing the frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the temporal lobes.

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17
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Includes the primary auditory projection area, Wernicke’s area, and the amygdala and hippocampus.

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Includes the primary visual projection area.

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19
Q

Subcortical

A

Beneath the surface, specifically the cortex.

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20
Q

Thalamus

A

Major part of the relay and integration center for sensory information.

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Plays a vital role in the control of motivated behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity.

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22
Q

Limbic System

A

Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus. Involved in the control of emotional behavior and motivation, and plays a key role in learning and memory.

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23
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in long-term memories and spatial memory.

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24
Q

Commissures

A

Thick bundles of fibers that carry information back and forth between the two hemispheres.

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25
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Largest of the commissures linking the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

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26
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Study of the brain’s structures and how they relate to brain function.

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27
Q

Clinical Neuropsychology

A

To understand the functioning of intact, undamaged brains by careful scrutiny of cases involving brain damage.

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28
Q

Lesion

A

Specific area of damage or abnormalities in brain tissue.

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29
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT scans)

A

STRUCTURAL neuroimaging technique that uses X-rays to construct a three-dimensional image of the brain’s anatomy.

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30
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scans)

A

FUNCTIONAL neuroimaging technique that determines how much glucose is being used by specific areas of the brain at a particular moment in time.

31
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

STRUCTURAL neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to construct a three-dimensional representation of brain tissue and anatomy, also water in cells.

32
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

FUNCTIONAL neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to construct a three-dimensional representation of the activity levels in different areas of the brain at a particular moment in time. Measures the oxygen content in the blood flowing through each region in the brain.

33
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of voltage changes occurring at the scalp that reflect activity in the brain underneath. Electroencephalogram is the result of this procedure known as EEG; recording of the brain’s electrical activity.

34
Q

Event-Related Potential

A

Changes in EEG in the brief period just before, during, and after an explicitly defined event, measured by averaging together many trials in which this event has occurred.

35
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

Brain area specialized for the perception of faces, works with the PPA.

36
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

FUNCTIONAL series of strong magnetic pulses at a specific location on the scalp causes temporary disruption in the brain region directly underneath this scalp area.

37
Q

Localization of Function

A

Determining what specific job is performed by a particular region of the brain.

38
Q

Motor Areas (Category of Cerebral Cortex)

A

Brain tissue crucial for organizing and controlling bodily movements.

39
Q

Primary Motor Projection Areas

A

Brain tissue located at the rear of the frontal lobe; departure point for nerve cells that send their signals to lower portions of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in muscle movement.

40
Q

Primary Sensory Projection Areas

A

Main points of arrival in the cortex for information arriving from the sense organs.

41
Q

Contralateral Control

A

Pattern in which the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body, and the right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. A vice versa method.

42
Q

Sensory Areas (Category of Cerebral Cortex)

A

Brain tissue essential for organizing and analyzing the information we receive from the senses.

43
Q

Association Areas (Category of Cerebral Cortex)

A

Portion of the human cortex outside the motor and sensory projection areas.

44
Q

Apraxia

A

Disturbance in the capacity to initiate or organize voluntary action, caused by brain damage.

45
Q

Agnosia

A

Disturbance in person’s ability to identify familiar objects.

46
Q

Neglect Syndrome

A

Pattern of symptoms in which affected individuals ignore all inputs coming from one side of space. For example, only eating food from half of their plate, read only half of the words in a book.

47
Q

Aphasia

A

Disruption to language capacities, caused by brain damage.

48
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Outer surface of the front-most part of the brain. Planning of complex or novel behaviors, underlying executive brain functions.

49
Q

Neurons

A

Individual cell within the nervous system.

50
Q

Glial Cell

A

Type of cell in the CNS. Support of neurons, repair of neural connections in case of damage, and a key role in guiding the initial development of neural connections. Some provide electrical insulation for neurons for faster transmission of neuronal signals.

51
Q

Cell Body

A

Area of a biological cell containing the nucleus and the metabolic machinery that sustains the cell.

52
Q

Dendrites (Input)

A

Part of the neuron that usually detects the incoming signal.

53
Q

Axon (Output)

A

Part of the neuron that transmits a signal away from the neuron’s cell body and carries the signal to another location.

54
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

One of the chemicals released by neurons to stimulate adjacent neurons.

55
Q

Synapse

A

Area including the Pre and Postsynaptic membranes and the tiny gap between them.

56
Q

Presynaptic Membrane

A

The cell membrane of the neuron sending information across the synapse.

57
Q

Postsynaptic Membrane

A

The cell membrane of the neuron receiving information across the synapse.

58
Q

Threshold

A

The activity level at which a cell or detector responds or fires.

59
Q

Fire

A

When a neuron receives a strong stimulus, sends a signal down its axon, which in turn causes a release of neurotransmitter from the membrane at the end of the axon.

60
Q

Action Potential

A

A brief change in the electrical potential of an axon. Physical basis of the signal sent from one end of a neuron to the other; usually sending signals to other neurons.

61
Q

All-or-None Law

A

A neuron or detector either fires completely or does not fire at all; no intermediate responses are possible.

62
Q

Learning

A

Storage of new skills and new knowledge within the nervous system.

63
Q

Ablation

A

Removal of brain material.

64
Q

Medulla

A

Inner organ or tissue.

65
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory.

66
Q

Efferent

A

Motor.

67
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech production.

68
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Speech recognition.

69
Q

Association Cortex

A

Speeds up cognition.

70
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area

A

Focuses on the recognition of scenes, works with the FFA.

71
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Controlling voluntary motor movements and learning.

72
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotional regulator.

73
Q

Singulate Gyrus

A

Emotion and pain regulator.

Memory & Cognition (14 decks)

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