Chapter 13 Flashcards
Problem Solving and Intelligence
Problem Solving
Process in which a person begins with a goal and seeks some steps that will lead toward that goal.
Problem Space
Set of all states that can be reached in solving the problem.
Hill-Climbing Strategy
Used in problem-solving; when they are given a choice, they will choose the option that carries them closer to the goal. This is a heuristic.
Means-End Analysis
Where person is guided step-by-step, by a comparison of the difference at that moment, between the current state and the goal state. Breaking a problem down to solve it.
Mapping
Process of figuring out how aspects of one situation or argument correspond to aspects of some other situation or argument.
Ill-Defined
No clear statement at the outset of how the goal should be characterized or what operations might be used to reach that goal.
Functional Fixedness
Tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object’s function.
Problem-Solving Set
Collection of beliefs and assumptions a person makes about a problem.
Einstellung
German word for attitude, to describe the problem-solver’s perspective (beliefs, habits, etc.).
Preparation (First Stage)
Problem solver gathers information about the problem.
Incubation (Second Stage)
Problem solver sets the problem aside and seems not to be working on it.
Illumination (Third Stage)
Where a key insight or new idea emerges.
Verification (Fourth Stage)
Where the person confirms that the new idea really does lead to a problem solution and works out the details.
Reliability
How consistent a measure is; consistency from one occasion to another.
Test-Retest Reliability
Assessment of whether a test is consistent in what it measures, determined by asking whether the test’s results on one occasion are correlated with results from the same test on another occasion.
Validity
Whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.
Predictive Validity
Assessment of whether a test measures what it is intended to measure, based on whether the test scores correlate with some other relevant criterion.
Factor Analysis
Looks for common factors, elements that contribute to multiple subtests and which therefore link those subtests.
General Intelligence
Mental capacity that is hypothesized as contributing to the performance of virtually any intellectual task.
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to deal with novel problems.
Crystallized Intelligence
Acquired knowledge, such as verbal knowledge and broad repertoire of skills (useful for dealing with problems similar to those already encountered).
Inspection Time
Time a person needs to decide which of two lines is longer or which of two tones is higher.
Practical Intelligence
Intelligence needed for skilled reasoning in day-to-day settings. Street-smart.
Rationality
Capacity for critically assessing information as it is gathered in the natural environment.
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to understand one’s own emotions and others’, and also the ability to control one’s emotions when appropriate.
Multiple Intelligences
Eight types of intelligence: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalistic.
Linguistic Intelligence
Ability to understand one or many languages to a good extent.
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Ability to understand logic and reasoning, as well as mathematical notions.
Spatial Intelligence
Ability to be spatial mentally and physically of your own environment.
Musical Intelligence
Ability to understand musical rhythms, chords, etc.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Ability to learn and create complex patterns of movement.
Interpersonal Intelligence
Ability to understand other people.
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Ability to understand ourselves.
Naturalistic Intelligence
Ability to understand patterns in nature.
Savant Syndrome
Pattern of traits in a developmentally disabled person such that the person has some remarkable talent that contrasts with his or her very low level of general intelligence.
Identical (Monozygotic) Twins
Originate from a single fertilized egg. Egg splits into two exact replicas, which develop into two genetically identical individuals.
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins
Arise from two different eggs, each fertilized by a different sperm cell.
Stereotype Threat
Negative impact that social stereotypes, once activated, can have on task performance.
Analytical Intelligence
Book-smart.
Creativity Intelligence
Integrative-smart.
Initial State (First Stage-Problem Solving)
Knowledge and resources you have at the outset.
Goal State (Second Stage-Problem Solving)
State you are working toward.
Operators (Third Stage-Problem Solving)
Available tools or actions.
Path Constraints (Fourth Stage-Problem Solving)
Limits that rule out some operations.
Problem-Solving Protocol
Method for asking people to think aloud while working on a problem, then writing them down.
Well-Defined Problem
Goal state as well as the available operators are clearly specified.
