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Memory & Cognition > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

Problem Solving and Intelligence

1
Q

Problem Solving

A

Process in which a person begins with a goal and seeks some steps that will lead toward that goal.

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2
Q

Problem Space

A

Set of all states that can be reached in solving the problem.

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3
Q

Hill-Climbing Strategy

A

Used in problem-solving; when they are given a choice, they will choose the option that carries them closer to the goal. This is a heuristic.

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4
Q

Means-End Analysis

A

Where person is guided step-by-step, by a comparison of the difference at that moment, between the current state and the goal state. Breaking a problem down to solve it.

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5
Q

Mapping

A

Process of figuring out how aspects of one situation or argument correspond to aspects of some other situation or argument.

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6
Q

Ill-Defined

A

No clear statement at the outset of how the goal should be characterized or what operations might be used to reach that goal.

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7
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object’s function.

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8
Q

Problem-Solving Set

A

Collection of beliefs and assumptions a person makes about a problem.

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9
Q

Einstellung

A

German word for attitude, to describe the problem-solver’s perspective (beliefs, habits, etc.).

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10
Q

Preparation (First Stage)

A

Problem solver gathers information about the problem.

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11
Q

Incubation (Second Stage)

A

Problem solver sets the problem aside and seems not to be working on it.

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12
Q

Illumination (Third Stage)

A

Where a key insight or new idea emerges.

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13
Q

Verification (Fourth Stage)

A

Where the person confirms that the new idea really does lead to a problem solution and works out the details.

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14
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent a measure is; consistency from one occasion to another.

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15
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Assessment of whether a test is consistent in what it measures, determined by asking whether the test’s results on one occasion are correlated with results from the same test on another occasion.

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16
Q

Validity

A

Whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.

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17
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Assessment of whether a test measures what it is intended to measure, based on whether the test scores correlate with some other relevant criterion.

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18
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Looks for common factors, elements that contribute to multiple subtests and which therefore link those subtests.

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19
Q

General Intelligence

A

Mental capacity that is hypothesized as contributing to the performance of virtually any intellectual task.

20
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to deal with novel problems.

21
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Acquired knowledge, such as verbal knowledge and broad repertoire of skills (useful for dealing with problems similar to those already encountered).

22
Q

Inspection Time

A

Time a person needs to decide which of two lines is longer or which of two tones is higher.

23
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

Intelligence needed for skilled reasoning in day-to-day settings. Street-smart.

24
Q

Rationality

A

Capacity for critically assessing information as it is gathered in the natural environment.

25
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Ability to understand one’s own emotions and others’, and also the ability to control one’s emotions when appropriate.

26
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A

Eight types of intelligence: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalistic.

27
Q

Linguistic Intelligence

A

Ability to understand one or many languages to a good extent.

28
Q

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

A

Ability to understand logic and reasoning, as well as mathematical notions.

29
Q

Spatial Intelligence

A

Ability to be spatial mentally and physically of your own environment.

30
Q

Musical Intelligence

A

Ability to understand musical rhythms, chords, etc.

31
Q

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

A

Ability to learn and create complex patterns of movement.

32
Q

Interpersonal Intelligence

A

Ability to understand other people.

33
Q

Intrapersonal Intelligence

A

Ability to understand ourselves.

34
Q

Naturalistic Intelligence

A

Ability to understand patterns in nature.

35
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

Pattern of traits in a developmentally disabled person such that the person has some remarkable talent that contrasts with his or her very low level of general intelligence.

36
Q

Identical (Monozygotic) Twins

A

Originate from a single fertilized egg. Egg splits into two exact replicas, which develop into two genetically identical individuals.

37
Q

Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins

A

Arise from two different eggs, each fertilized by a different sperm cell.

38
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Negative impact that social stereotypes, once activated, can have on task performance.

39
Q

Analytical Intelligence

A

Book-smart.

40
Q

Creativity Intelligence

A

Integrative-smart.

41
Q

Initial State (First Stage-Problem Solving)

A

Knowledge and resources you have at the outset.

42
Q

Goal State (Second Stage-Problem Solving)

A

State you are working toward.

43
Q

Operators (Third Stage-Problem Solving)

A

Available tools or actions.

44
Q

Path Constraints (Fourth Stage-Problem Solving)

A

Limits that rule out some operations.

45
Q

Problem-Solving Protocol

A

Method for asking people to think aloud while working on a problem, then writing them down.

46
Q

Well-Defined Problem

A

Goal state as well as the available operators are clearly specified.

Memory & Cognition (14 decks)

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