Chapter 10

Question 1

Aphasia

Answer 1

Loss of the ability to produce and understand language.

Question 2

Sentences

Answer 2

coherent sequences of words that express the intended meaning of a speaker.

Question 3

Morphemes

Answer 3

Smallest language units that carry meaning.

Question 4

Phonemes

Answer 4

Smallest unit of sound that can serve to distinguish words in language.

Question 5

Voicing (Voiced Sounds)

Answer 5

Sounds that result in vibration on your throat. Vocal folds vibrating, like the “z” sound as opposed to the “s” sound.

Question 6

Manner of Production

Answer 6

Way in which a speaker momentarily obstructs the flow of air out of the lungs to produce a speech sound.

Question 7

Place of Articulation

Answer 7

Position at which a speaker momentarily obstructs the flow of air out of the lungs to produce a speech sound. “b” sound from the lips, “d” sound from the roof of the mouth.

Question 8

Speech Segmentation

Answer 8

Process through which a stream of speech is sliced into its constituent words and into phonemes.

Question 9

Coarticulation

Answer 9

Trait of speech production in which the way a sounds is produced is altered slightly by the immediately preceding and immediately following sounds. Blending of phonemes at word boundaries.

Question 10

Phonemic Restoration Effect

Answer 10

Pattern in which people hear phonemes that actually are not presented but that are highly likely in the context.

Question 11

Categorical Perception

Answer 11

People are better at hearing the differences between categories of sounds than they are at hearing the variations within a category of sounds.

Question 12

Generativity

Answer 12

The capacity to create an endless series of new combinations, all built from the same set of fundamental units.

Question 13

Syntax

Answer 13

Rules governing the sequence of words in a phrase or sentence.

Question 14

Phrase Structure Rules

Answer 14

Stipulations that list the elements that must appear in a phrase and specify the sequence of those elements.

Question 15

Tree Structure

Answer 15

Style of depiction often used to indicate hierarchical relationships, such as relationships among the words in a phrase or sentence.

Question 16

Prescriptive Rules

Answer 16

Rules describing how language is supposed to be.

Question 17

Descriptive Rules

Answer 17

Rules characterizing the language as it is ordinarily used by fluent speakers and listeners.

Question 18

Parsing

Answer 18

Each word’s syntactic role.

Question 19

Garden-Path Sentences

Answer 19

Being led to one interpretation but then this interpretation then turns out to be wrong.

Question 20

Extralinguistic Context

Answer 20

Physical and social setting in which you encounter sentences.

Question 21

Prosody

Answer 21

Pattern of pauses and pitch changes that characterize speech production. Used to emphasize elements of a spoken sentence, to highlight sentence structure, and to signal the difference between a question and an assertion.

Question 22

Pragmatics

Answer 22

Knowledge of how language is ordinarily used.

Question 23

Broca’s Area

Answer 23

Area in the left frontal lobe of the brain. Usually results in nonfluent aphasia. Speech production.

Question 24

Nonfluent Aphasia

Answer 24

Have adequate verbal comprehension but are unable to produce language.

Question 25

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 25

Area in the left frontal lobe of the brain. Usually results in fluent aphasia. Speech recognition.

Question 26

Fluent Aphasia

Answer 26

Disruption of language caused by brain damage in which they are able to produce speech but the speech is not meaningful, and they are not able to understand what is being said to them.

Question 27

Specific Language Impairment

Answer 27

Those with this disorder have normal intelligence and no problems with the muscle movements needed to produce language.

Question 28

Overregularization Errors

Answer 28

Error where a person perceives or remembers a word or event as being closer to the norm than it really is.

Question 29

Semantic Bootstrapping

Answer 29

Process in language learning in which a person uses knowledge of semantic relationships as a basis for figuring out the syntax of the language.

Question 30

Linguistic Relativity

Answer 30

Proposal that language that we speak shapes our thought, because the structure and vocabulary of our language create certain ways of thinking about the world.

Question 31

Word

Answer 31

Smallest free form in a language.

Question 32

Phonology

Answer 32

Study of sounds used in language. Sequence of phonemes that make up the word.

Question 33

Orthography

Answer 33

How the word is spelled.

Question 34

Semantics

Answer 34

What the word means.

Question 35

Referent

Answer 35

What the word refers to (actual object, action, or event in the world that word refers to).

Question 36

Linguistic Universals

Answer 36

Certain properties of language appear to be shared by every language that has ever been studied.