Chapter 7

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

forming a memory code

Question 2

storage

Answer 2

maintaing encoded information in memory over time

Question 3

attention

Answer 3

focusing awareness on a narrowed stage of stimuli or events

Question 4

structural encoding

Answer 4

emphasizes the physical structure of a stimulus

shallowest

Question 5

phonemic encoding

Answer 5

what a word sounds like

Question 6

semantic encoding

Answer 6

meaning of verbal input

highest

Question 7

levels-of-processing theory

Answer 7

deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memories

Question 8

elaboration

Answer 8

linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Question 9

dual-coding theory

Answer 9

memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can read to recall

Question 10

self-referent encoding

Answer 10

deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

Question 11

sensory memory

Answer 11

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time usually only a fraction of a second

Question 12

short-term memory

Answer 12

a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10-20 seconds

Question 13

chunk

Answer 13

group of familiar stimuli stored as a unit

Question 14

working memory capacity (WMC)

Answer 14

refers to one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

Question 15

long-term memory

Answer 15

an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

Question 16

flashbulb memories

Answer 16

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of the circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events

Question 17

conceptual heirarchy

Answer 17

a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

Question 18

schema

Answer 18

an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

Question 19

semantic network

Answer 19

consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Question 20

connectionist or parallel distributed processing models (PDP)

Answer 20

assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks, specific memories correspond to specific patterns of activation

Question 21

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 21

temporary inability to remember something you know with the feeling that it’s just out of reach

Question 22

misinformation effect

Answer 22

participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information

Question 23

reality monitoring

Answer 23

the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources

Question 24

source monitoring

Answer 24

making attributions about the origins of memories

Question 25

destination memory

Answer 25

remembering who we’ve told what

Question 26

retention

Answer 26

the proportion of material remembered

Question 27

recall measure of retention

Answer 27

requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues

Question 28

recognition measure of retention

Answer 28

requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options

Question 29

relearning measure of retention

Answer 29

requires participants to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before

Question 30

ineffective encoding

Answer 30

never really learned it

Question 31

decay

Answer 31

forgetting occurs because memory fades with time

Question 32

retroactive interference

Answer 32

can’t remember old info because of new info

Question 33

proactive interference

Answer 33

can’t remember new info because of old info

Question 34

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 34

initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention

Question 35

repression

Answer 35

keeping depressing thoughts buried deep in the unconscious

Question 36

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 36

a long lasting increase in neural excitability along a specific neural pathway

Question 37

retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

loss of memories for events that occurred prior to onset of amnesia (trauma)

Question 38

anterograde amnesia

Answer 38

loss of memories that occur after the onset of amnesia (trauma)

Question 39

declarative memory system

Answer 39

handles factual information

Question 40

non-declarative memory system

Answer 40

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned and emotional responses

Question 41

episodic memory system

Answer 41

chronological or temporally dated recollections of personal experience

Question 42

semantic memory system

Answer 42

general knowledge that is not tied to the time when information was learned

Question 43

prospective memory

Answer 43

remembering to perform actions in the future

Question 44

retrospective memory

Answer 44

remembering events from the past or previously learned information

Question 45

link method

Answer 45

forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

Question 46

method of loci

Answer 46

taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

Question 47

hindsight bias

Answer 47

tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out