Chapter 6 Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

phobias

A

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

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2
Q

classical (pavlovian) conditioning

A

a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, involuntary responses

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3
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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4
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

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5
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

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6
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

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7
Q

evaluative conditioning

A

changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

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8
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage of learning something

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9
Q

extinction

A

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency , occurs when conditioned stimulus is consistently presented alone

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10
Q

stimuli that are ___ are more likely to be conditioned stimuli

A

new, unusual, especially intense

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11
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

renewal effect

A

response comes back if animal returns to the environment where it was learned

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13
Q

stimulus generalization

A

organism responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

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14
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

organism does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

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15
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of learning in which responses are controlled by their consequences, voluntary responses

17
Q

reinforcement

A

an event following a response increasing organism’s tendency to repeat that response

18
Q

primary reinforcers

A

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

19
Q

secondary/conditioned reinforcers

A

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

20
Q

shaping

A

repeatedly reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response until the desired response in achieved

21
Q

discriminative stimuli

A

clues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response

22
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

makes a response more resistant to extinction, works better

23
Q

positive reinforcement

A

response is strengthened, followed by a rewarding stimulus

24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

response is strengthened, followed by removal of unpleasant stimulus

25
escape learning
organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some unpleasant stimulation
26
avoidance learning
organism acquires a response that prevents some unpleasant stimulation from occurring
27
why are phobias hard to get rid of?
1. avoidance measures get reinforced by avoiding fear | 2. prevent any conditioned response by never being exposed to the fear
28
punishment
an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
29
preparedness
species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways (fears that are threats to survival)
30
observational learning
occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, called models
31
ratio schedules
organism must make the designated response a certain number of times to gain reinforcement
32
interval schedules
require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers