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Psych 111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit information

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2
Q

soma

A

cell body of neuron, contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells

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3
Q

dendrite

A

parts of the neuron that are specialized to receive information

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4
Q

axon

A

a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles and glands, wrapped in cells of myelin

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates some axons and speeds up transmission

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6
Q

terminal buttons

A

small knobs that secrete neurotransmitters

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7
Q

synapse

A

a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another

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8
Q

glia

A

glue that provides support to neurons, small but outnumber neurons 10:1, 50% of brain’s volume, some can send signals and may contribute to memory

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9
Q

Hodgkin and Huxley

A

studied squid, learned that neural impulse is a complex electrochemical reaction, positive sodium and potassium against negative chloride

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10
Q

resting potential

A

a neuron’s stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive, -70 millivolts

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11
Q

action potential

A

brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along an axon

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12
Q

absolute refractory period

A

minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

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13
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

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14
Q

postsynaptic potential (PSP)

A

a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane

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15
Q

number of synapses…

A

decreases after age 1

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16
Q

acetylcholine

A

Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscle, regulation of attention, arousal and memory, Alzheimer’s

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17
Q

Dopamine

A

Control of voluntary movement, Cocaine elevates, Parkinsonism Schizophrenia and addiction

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18
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Mood and arousal, cocaine elevates, depression

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19
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates sleep and wakefulness, deppression OCD and eating disorders

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20
Q

GADA

A

inhibitory transmitter, regulates anxiety and sleep/arousel, valium, Anxiety disorders

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21
Q

Glutamene

A

Excitatory transmitter, learning and memory, Schizophrenia

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22
Q

Endorphins

A

Opiate drugs, pain relief and response to stress, eating behavior

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23
Q

agonist

A

mimics action of neurotransmitter

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24
Q

antagonist

A

opposes action of neurotransmitter

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25
Q

monoamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

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26
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves (bundles of axons) that lie outside the brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

somatic nervous system

A

nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

28
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

carry information to central nervous system

29
Q

efferent nerve fibers

A

carry information outward

30
Q

autonomic nerve system

A

nerves that connect the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands

31
Q

sympathetic division

A

part of autonomic, mobilizes resources for emergencies

32
Q

parasympathetic

A

part of autonomic, conserves resources

33
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

34
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

device that monitors electrical activity of the brain over time using recording electrodes attached to the scalp

35
Q

lesioning

A

destroying a part of the brain

36
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

allows scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain, non-invasive but can’t study deep in brain

37
Q

PET, CT and MRI scans

A

CT shows structure, PET shows function and neurotransmitters, MRI better shows structure

38
Q

male vs. female arousal

A

men are more stimulated visually than women

39
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla, pons

40
Q

forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebrum

41
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain, sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness and voluntary movement

42
Q

corpus callosum

A

bridge of fibers passing information between hemispheres of brain

43
Q

thalamus

A

handles incoming and outgoing signals

44
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates fine muscle movement, balance

45
Q

reticular formation

A

carry stimulation for sleep and arousal through brainstem

46
Q

spinal cord

A

simple reflexes, transmits info between brain and body

47
Q

medulla

A

unconscious functions

48
Q

pons

A

sleep and arousal

49
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory, limbic system

50
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates other glands

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger, thirst, temperature control, basic needs

52
Q

limbic system

A

a loosely connected network of structures located along border between cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas

53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

folded outer layer of the cerebrum

54
Q

mirror neurons

A

activated by performing an action or by seeing another monkey or person perform the same action

55
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

56
Q

parietal lobe

A

sense of touch

57
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing

58
Q

frontal lobe

A

movement of muscles

59
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

60
Q

split-brain surgery

A

corpus callosum cut,

61
Q

left hemisphere

A

right hand, speach

62
Q

right hemisphere

A

left hand, puzzles, recognition

63
Q

perceptual asymmetries

A

left-right imbalances between the cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing

64
Q

family studies

A

researchers assess the hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait

65
Q

epigenetics

A

study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve modifications to DNA sequence

66
Q

ocytocin

A

regulates reproductive behaviors, hormone from pituitary

Psych 111 (16 decks)

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