Chapter 7 Flashcards
Structure of protein
Contain H, O, C, N comprised of amino acids: -nitrogen group (amine) -side chain (determine name) -acid group (carboxyl group)
Body can produce these so consumption of these isn’t necessary
Nonessential Amino acids
Must be taken via food (body cannot produce)
essential amino acids
only essential during certain times (pregnancy, illness, etc)
conditionally essential amino acids
transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a carbon skeleton of a new amino acid
transamination (synthesis of non-essential AA)
Deamination
Amino acid losing an amine group
Amine group is incorporated in the urea area of the liver
Adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids
Complete protein (animal proteins except gelatin)
Inadequate amounts of essential amino acids
Incomplete proteins (plant proteins except soy)
Combining plant proteins to compensate for limiting amino acids
Complementary proteins
Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds to form:
proteins (most are polypeptides)
From mRNA from DNA
transcription
Converting mRNA into proteins
Translation
Altering a proteins tertiary structure
Denaturation of protein (acid, heat, enzymes, etc can all cause)
Constant state of synthesis, breakdown, rebuilding, and repair
Protein turnover (generally high)
Measure of How efficient is converted to body tissue protein
Biological Value
=N retained/ N absorbed x 100
(egg white is 100%)
Measure of weight gain in animal labs
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
=weight gain (g)/ protein consumed
Compares essential amino acid composition to a reference protein
Chemical score (CS) =mg of limiting AA per g protein/ mag of limiting AA per g ref protein
Protein digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
=chemical score x digestibility
most used method
DV considers PDCAAS
- Hydrochloric acid denatures protein
- Pepsin is released and enzymatic digestion begins
Protein digestion in the stomach
CCK released which stimulates release of proteases
Protein absorption in the small intestine; Amino acids are then absorbed by the portal vein
Further protein digestion by enzymes released by pancreas into small intestine
Protein digestions in the pancreas
Amino acids are transported to the _________; from there they enter the general bloodstream
Liver (protein absorption)
If in need of glucose, the liver can convert many AA into glucose via:
gluconeogensis
What produces vital body structures like collagen, actin, myosin?
FUNCTION OF A PROTEIN
Maintaining fluid balance in blood
Function of a protein
Contributing to acid/base balance
Function of a protein (some proteins act as buffers and some as ion transporters
Transporting nutrients
Function of protein (carrier proteins in blood + cells)
Forming hormones, enzymes and n neurotransmitters
FUNCTION OF A PROTEIN
Contributing to immune function
Function of protein (antibodies)
Forming glucose
Function of proteins (via gluconogensis)
Provide Energy
Function of a protein (4 kcal/gm)
Marasmus
Occurs over time due to minimal amounts of energy, protein and other nutrients(Protein- Energy Malnutrition)
Kwashiorker
Acute onset due to minimal amounts of protein and moderate energy deficit (PRotein-Energy Malnutrition)
Used to promote weight loss
high protein diets
- long term affects on kidneys
- inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals due to low intake of fruit and veggies
- intake of undesirable nutrients that accompany protein
What 8 foods cause 90% of all food allergies?
peanuts tree nuts eggs fish shellfish soy wheat milk
allergens in diet
food proteins
avoiding allergies
avoid milk products until >1yr
- avoid egg while until >2 yrs
- avoid nuts, fish, shellfisgh >3yrs
lacto-ovo-vegetarians
milk and eggs, no meat of fish
lacto vegetarians
milk, no eggs, fish or meat
concerns with vegetarian diets
lack of calcium, zinc, BV protein, riboflavin, vitamin D, B12
