Chapter 7

Question 1

Behavior is defined as

Answer 1

anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or eternal stimuli, these may or may not be deliberate.

Question 2

Primate Field Studies main goal:

Answer 2

to collect information on wild primates whose behavior is unaffected by human activities.

Question 3

who was the first primate studies pioneer?

Answer 3

Began with Robert Yerkes in the 1920’s, who studied gorillas, chimps, and howler monkeys.

Question 4

what did japanese scientists study in the 1940’s

Answer 4

macaques

Question 5

what characterized early primate field studies?

Answer 5

Most early studies were descriptive in nature.

Question 6

what characterized later primate studies?

Answer 6

Later studies looked at social structure- the composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals, the result of their natural habitat.

Question 7

Behavioral ecology

Answer 7

the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection. Behaviors are favored when they increase reproductive fitness of individuals.

Question 8

what is important concerning behavioral ecology and differentiations in the animal kingdom?

Answer 8

Certain behaviors are influenced by genes
Behavior constitutes its own phenotype
Insects and invertebrates-behavior is NOT learned
Mammals-much behavior is learned

Question 9

A main goal of primatology

Answer 9

to determine how behaviors influence reproductive fitness and how ecological factors have shaped the development of these behaviors.

Question 10

Factors that Influence Social Structure: (name them)

Answer 10

body size (larger animals require fewer calories per unit), BMR (small animals have higher BMR), Diet (influences behavior)

Question 11

what is a relationship between diet and behavior?

Answer 11

Small bodied animals focus on high energy foods.

Question 12

Two examples of how diet influences behavior?

Answer 12

Example- large gorillas eat leaves, and other vegetation, lowland gorillas also consume water plants, these have less caloric value than fruits nuts and seeds.
Colobines (monkey)- have evolved elongated intestines and pouched stomachs that enable them to digest touch cellulose foods.

Question 13

Matriline

Answer 13

groups of females who are all descendants of one female, a female, her daughters, granddaughters, and their offspring. May include dependent male offspring (macaques group in this way, and dominant matrilines have more access to resources)

Question 14

What is true concerning the ecology of a species and its behavior in terms of food clumps?

Answer 14

Species that depend on food in small clumps tend to be protective of their resources
Water is also an important resource

Question 15

primates may be vulnerable to predators based on their what?

Answer 15

body size!

Question 16

what is important to remember about primates and predation?

Answer 16

Where predation is high and body size small, these animals rely on large communities

Question 17

Many primates share space with what?

Answer 17

other non-primate species

Question 18

Dispersal of primates (important points)

Answer 18

Members of one sex leave the group in which they were born
Male dispersal is the more common pattern in mammals.
Female dispersal is seen in a couple of species (colobus, hamadryas baboons, and chimps)
May have several outcomes

Question 19

what are the outcomes of dispersal?

Answer 19

Females join other groups
Males may be solitary for a time or may join a bachelor group
Usually find mates outside their natal group

Question 20

Reasons for dispersal?

Answer 20

Reasons for dispersal are educed competition for mates, and decreased likelihood of inbreeding

Question 21

what does philopatric refer to?

Answer 21

Individuals who remain in natal group form close long term bonds

Question 22

Characteristics or developmental stages that typify members of a given species and influence potential reproductive rates.

Answer 22

Example: gestation, length of time between pregnancies, period of infant dependency, and age at weaning, age of sexual maturity, and life expectancy.
Can be critical to species survival.

Question 23

Gorillas are the only non-humans to sleep on the ground

Answer 23

unique trait of a gorilla in terms of sleeping

Question 24

Sympatric Species

Answer 24

Living in the same area; pertaining to two or more species whose habitats overlap (example Included black and white colobus, red colobus, mangabey, blue monkey, and retails in the kihale forest of uganda)

Question 25

Kibale forest study showed what?

Answer 25

Omnivores move more than folivores
Among omnivores there’s an inverse relationship between body size and group size, there is a direct relationship between bodysize and home range size
Omnivores are more spatially dispersed than folivores
Females sexual swelling is obvious only those species that live in multimale-multifemale species
Feeding, spacing and dispersal and reproductive strategies may be very different for males and females of the same species

Question 26

Why Be Social?

Answer 26

Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator defense
Through strategies of association with other primates potential prey animals are able to spend more time feeding and increase their opportunities for foraging.
Larger groups can outcompete small groups of conspecifics when foraging in the same area

Question 27

Dominance in primates

Answer 27

Aggression is frequently used to increase an individuals status
Usually serve to lessen major physical conflicts
Individual rank can be measured by access to resources
Increased reproductive success for high ranking females
All primates learn their position in the hierarchy

Question 28

Communication in primates

Answer 28

Any act that conveys information, in the form of a message to an other individual
May or may not be deliberate
Autonomic- pertaining to physiological responses that aren’t under voluntary control (such as erect body hair)
Vocalizations play an important role in many species

Question 29

Ritualized Behaviors

Answer 29

behaviors removed from their original context and sometimes exaggerated to contain information

Question 30

Aggressive behavior in primates is related to what?

Answer 30

a fight for resources

Question 31

how does agression play out?

Answer 31

in the from of signals and displays, can lead to injury or death if between males

Question 32

what are afiliative actions

Answer 32

reconciliation, consolation, and amicable interactions between friends and relatives, usually involve physical contact

Question 33

Sexual behavior is tied to what?

Answer 33

the female cycle

Question 34

permanent bonding is common or uncommon in other primates besides humans?

Answer 34

not common

Question 35

k selected reproductive strategy

Answer 35

individuals produce relatively few offspring, but they invest a lot of time into parental care

Question 36

R selected reproductive strategy

Answer 36

emphasizes large number of offspring with little investment

Question 37

sexual selection

Answer 37

natural selection within a species, can lead to sexual dimorphism regarding one or more traits

Question 38

infanticide

Answer 38

males kill offspring not their own, some males kill an infant then father another

Question 39

polyandry

Answer 39

a mating system characterized by an association between a female and more than one male (only seen in marmosets and tamarins

Question 40

alloparenting

Answer 40

a common behavior in many primates whereby individuals other than the parents hold, carry, and interact with infants