Chapter 5

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

The ordering of organisms into categories such as orders families and genera to show evolutionary relationships

Question 2

Chordata

Answer 2

-the phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates

Question 3

Vertebrates

Answer 3

Vertebrates- animals with segmented bony spinal columns, includes fish, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, and birds.

Question 4

Taxonomy

Answer 4

• the field that specializes in animal classification

Question 5

What are the principles of classification?

Answer 5

1) classified by physical similarities and evolutionary descent

Question 6

what did hox gene mutations do?

Answer 6

led to basic limbs in all subsequent vertebrates.

Question 7

Basic genetic regulatory mechanisms are highly conserved in animals

Answer 7

reflects principle #2 of classification-must reflect evolutionary descent

Question 8

Homologies

Answer 8

similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

Question 9

Analogies

Answer 9

similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent

Question 10

Homoplasy

Answer 10

the separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms, can occur in closely related lineages only

Question 11

what are the two major schools of evolutionary relationships?

Answer 11

1) Evolutionary Schematics, and Cladistics

Question 12

presumed ancestors and descendants are traced in time by analysis of homologous characters, uses a phylogenic tree diagram

Answer 12

evolutionary schematics

Question 13

cladistics

Answer 13

attempts to make rigorous evolutionary interpretations based solely on analysis of certain types of homologous characters.

Question 14

Focuses on distinguishing particular evolutionary lineages; traits which are more informative than ancestral traits

Answer 14

cladistics

Question 15

what is a clade?

Answer 15

a common ancestor

Question 16

if one common ancestor is shared what is that called?

Answer 16

monophyletic

Question 17

what is more than one ancestor shared called?

Answer 17

polyphyletic

Question 18

what can be indicative of a particular lineage?

Answer 18

derived or modified characteristics.. ex theropods are small dinosaurs thought to be related to birds because of their characteristics

Question 19

shared derived characteristics def:

Answer 19

relating to specific character traits shared in common between two life forms and considered the most useful for making evolutionary interpretations.

Question 20

cladogram

Answer 20

a diagram of relationships used by cladistics

Question 21

what do both schools believe in?

Answer 21

Interested in tracing evolutionary relationships and in constructing classifications that reflect these relationships
Recognize that organisms must be compared using specific features (characters), some of which are more informative than others.
Focus exclusively on homologies.

Question 22

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 22

a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by evolutionary systematics. Must contain a time component to show ancestry descendant relationships

Question 23

Cladogram

Answer 23

a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by cladistics analysis. Based on the interpretation of shared derived characters, contains no time component and does not imply ancestor =-descendant relationships.

Question 24

Biological species concept

Answer 24

a depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding, but reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Question 25

Speciation

Answer 25

the process by which a new species evolves from an earlier form

Question 26

Geographical isolation is what?

Answer 26

the main factor in evolution

Question 27

Recognition Species concept

Answer 27

a depiction of species in which the key aspect is the ability of individuals to identify members of their own species for purposes of mating.

Question 28

Ecological species concept

Answer 28

a species is a group of organisms exploiting a single niche. Emphasizes the role of natural selection.

Question 29

Phylogenic species concept

Answer 29

splitting many populations into separate species based on an identifiable parental pattern of ancestry.

Question 30

Speciation occurs in 3 different ways

Answer 30

1) allopatric speciation, parapatric speciation, or sympatric speciation.

Question 31

Allopatric speciation

Answer 31

living in different areas. Leads to reproductive isolation.

Question 32

Parapatric speciation

Answer 32

only partial reproductive isolation required. Ranges of populations may be overlapping ex african baboons

Question 33

Sympatric speciation

Answer 33

occur within one population with no necessary reproductive isolation

Question 34

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 34

differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species, such as how humans have a slightly dismorphic body size.

Question 35

(intraspecific methodology

Answer 35

Variation is accounted for either by individual age and sex differences seen in every species

Question 36

interspecific methodology

Answer 36

the variation between reproductively isolated groups

Question 37

Paleospecies

Answer 37

species defined from fossil evidence, often covering a long time span.

Question 38

Genus

Answer 38

a group of closely related species

Question 39

Fossils

Answer 39

traces or remnants of organisms found in geological beds on earth’s surface.

Question 40

mineralization

Answer 40

occurs when water carrying minerals seep into the tiny spaces within a bone.

Question 41

Taphonomy

Answer 41

the study of how bones and other materials come to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils.

Question 42

Geological time scale

Answer 42

the organization of earth history into eras, periods, and epochs.

Question 43

Three major eras:

Answer 43

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Question 44

Name that era and discovery: Paleozoic!

Answer 44

500mya, first vertebrates in fossil record, Pangea present

Question 45

Mesozoic

Answer 45

mammals present, Gondwanaland and Laurasia drifted apart. Establishment of ecological niches. Reptiles were dominant

Question 46

Cenozoic

Answer 46

divided between the tertiary and quarternary period and several epochs. These epochs are: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, and Pleistocene and Holocene, Recent (in order).

Question 47

Continental drift

Answer 47

the movement of continents on sliding plates of the earth’s surface.

Question 48

How are mammals different than reptiles?

Answer 48

warm blooded, larger brain, different teeth (allow for processing of wide variety of food)

Question 49

neocortex

Answer 49

outer covering f cerebrum which controls higher brain functions in mammals

Question 50

heterodont

Answer 50

having different kinds of teeth

Question 51

endothermic regulation

Answer 51

constant internal body temperature

Question 52

Three major subgroups of mammals:

Answer 52

monotremes (egg laying), marsupials, placental

Question 53

major process of macro evolution is what?

Answer 53

Members move to an environment that is more hospitable when resources are depleted

Question 54

Adaptive radiation-

Answer 54

rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches.

Question 55

why do animals diverge into variations?

Answer 55

adaptive potential, and adaptive opportunities in available niches

Question 56

why are generalized and specialized characteristics important?

Answer 56

Refer to the adaptive potential of a particular trait. Only a generalized ancestor can provide the flexible evolutionary basis for rapid diversification. Ancestral characters usually tend to be more generalized.

Question 57

Gradualism

Answer 57

the idea that organisms change slowly over time.

Question 58

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 58

the concept that evolutionary changes proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change.

Question 59

why is the environment so important for evolution?

Answer 59

Environmental changes can influence the pace and direction of natural selection