Chapter 6 Flashcards
PRIMATES!
Primate Characteristics
Body hair, a long gestation period followed by live birth, mammary glands, teeth, endothermy, larger brain size, ability to learn.
General tendencies that primates have (LIST ALL)
erect posture, prehensile hands, nails not claws, flexible limb structures, generalized dentition, omnivorous, vision and smell important, efficient fetal nourishment, longer gestation, learned behavior, group socialization, diurnal activity
Morphology
the form of anatomical structures
Prehensile Hands (qualities of)
Retention of five digits on the hands and feet
An opposable thumb and in post species a divergent and partially opposable big toe
Nails instead of claws
Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the end of digits
how is depth perception possible?
Eyes placed towards the front of the face (not the sides)
Visual information from each eye transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres of the brain.
Visual info organized into 3D images by specialized structures in the brain.
New World primates are found in
southern Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America
Old World primate are found where?
Old world primates are found in Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan.
Primates have what four kinds of teeth?
incisors, canines, and premolars and molars.
Are primate teeth specialized?
no, because they are omnivores
the bumps on chewing surface of premolars and molars
cusps
quadrupedal
use all four limbs
what are the common characteristics of locomotion in primates?
quadrupedal, limbs are the same length, arboreal, (apes have arms longer than legs)
what animals vertical cling and leap around?
tarsiers and lemurs
Brachiation
arm swinging- oly seen in species with arms longer than legs, a short spine, long curved fingers, and reduced thumbs
What are the two suborders of primates?
strepsirhini (lorises and lemurs), haplorhini (everything else)
Two common traits of lemurs and lorises
pronounced olfactory capabilities and a rhinarium at the end of their nose (moist fleshy pad)
Lemur habitat
only on Madagascar and adjacent islands
lemur number of species
60
lemur size
five inches to three feet
lemur diet
diurnal (larger ones), nocturnal (smaller ones), eat insects
lorises activity occurs when?
at night
how many lorises species left?
8
where are lori found?
tropical forest areas of india, sri lanka, southeast asia, and africa
are they fast or slow?
slow and cautious, very agile when leaping or clinging to objects
Tarsiers have how many species?
5
Where do tarsiers live?
islands of southeast asia
Tarsiers activity occurs when?
nocturnally, eat insects
What is one weird quality of the tarsier?
ability to rotate head 180 degrees, massive eyes size of brain
Distinguishing traits of anthropoids?
larger brains, bodies, reduced reliance on smell, color vision, bone protects back of eye, different blood supply to brain, more generalized dentition, mutual grooming
how many species of new world monkeys?
70
size of new world monkeys
Vary from 12 ounces to 20 pounds
where can you usually find a new world monkey?
trees (arboreal animals!)
Platyrrhine have what characteristic?
flat nosed
Caterrhine have what characteristic?
downward facing noses
Marmosets and Tamarins are what?
the smallest of new world monkeys
what do marmosets and tamarins have?
claws instead of nails, social groups of mated pairs, males extensively involved in infant care, quadrupedal
Old world monkeys (cercopithecidae) are important because?
they are the most widely distributed primate,
Ceropithecines include what?
taxonomic subgroup that includes baboons macaques and guenons
Ceropithecines are found where?
africa
how are ceropithecines different?
most omnivorous of old world monkeys
colobines
include african colobus monkeys and asian langurs
what is special about colobines?
have a narrow range of food preferences, mainly eat leaves
ischial callosities
sitting pads found on old world monkeys
How are old world monkeys important sexually?
show sexual dimorphism, females may have pronounced cyclical genitalia changes, live in diverse social groups
Hominoids are found where?
Asia and Africa
How are apes and humans different?
larger body siz, no tail, short stable lower back, apes have longer arms, shoulder joint is different, increased period of infant development and dependency
Gibbons and Siamangs have how many species?
8
Size of gibbons and siamangs?
13 to 25 pounds
what adaptations do they have for their foraging of fruit and insects?
extremely long arms and curved fingers, can feed and eat in trees
socially what are gibbons and siamangs like?
monogamous pairs, very territorial
orangutans, where are they at, how do they move?
only found in sumatra and borneo, slow cautious climbers
how are oragutan’s socially ?
very solitary, show a lot of sexual dimorphism, eat fruit
Gorillas have what 4 subspecies?
west lowland, cross river, eastern lowland, mountain gorilla
where do gorillas live?
forested areas of western and eastern Africa
What do they eat?
leaves
how many subspecies of chimps?
3
Where are chimps found?
equatorial africa
chimps are what social?
excitable, active, and noisy, they take part in group hunting efforts, and live in large communities of 10 to 100 individuals
how big are chimps?
150 pounds (males)
how do chimps move?
they can be brachial or walk on the ground
Bonobos habitat
highly threatened, found only near the south Zaire river
Bonobos size and socialization
smaller than chimps, less excitable, sex used to diffuse tense situations
What are the three reasons for the worldwide destruction of primates?
habitat desetruction, human predation, live capture for export and trade
Bushmeat and ebola
gabons are highly susceptible to ebola, and are often sold as meat..
