CHAPTER 10

Question 1

mosaic evolution

Answer 1

a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems

Question 2

Hominid refers to what?

Answer 2

all great apes and humans together

Question 3

Hominins could carry objects starting at what time

Answer 3

6-7 mya (because of bipedalism)

Question 4

When was stone usage suggested?

Answer 4

3.4 mya

Question 5

Paleoanthropology

Answer 5

the study of ancient humans- can include geologists, archaeologists, etc

Question 6

Taphonomy

Answer 6

study of how bones and fossils come to be buried in the earth

Question 7

Paleoanthropology uses these four methods to make conclusions

Answer 7

dating, paleoecology, archaeological traces of behavior, and and anatomical evidence

Question 8

importance of the great rift valley

Answer 8

fault, active volcanic processes, fossils

Question 9

Relative dating

Answer 9

based primarily on stratigrophy, and principles of superposition

Question 10

issues with stratigraphy

Answer 10

geologic disturbances can move objects, impossible to accurately determine dates

Question 11

fluorine analysis can reveal what based on age?

Answer 11

more flourine accumulates during the fossilization process

Question 12

radiometric dating

Answer 12

uses potassium 40 as a technique, inoraganic materials are dated through themoluminescence

Question 13

Paleomagnetism

Answer 13

a technique based on the constantly shifting nature of the magnetic pole- .7mya-present = NORMAL
2.6-.7= REVERSED
3.4-2.6=NORMAL
?-3.4=REVERSED

Question 14

Faunal Correlation/biostratigraphy

Answer 14

Based on the regular changes seen in evolving groups of animals as well as the presence or absence of particular species

Question 15

is the most common residue of prehistoric cultural behavior

Answer 15

stone

Question 16

what is a flake

Answer 16

Flake- thin edge fragment removed from a core of a stone

Question 17

what is a core?

Answer 17

Core- stone reduced by flake removal may or may not itself be used as a tool

Question 18

what does lithic refer to?

Answer 18

stone tools

Question 19

what are knappers?

Answer 19

people who make stone tools

Question 20

what is direct percussion?

Answer 20

striking a core or flake with a hammerstone

Question 21

what are microliths

Answer 21

• small stone tools usually produced from narrow blades punched from a core, found in Africa during the latter part of the Pleistocene

Question 22

what are phytoliths?

Answer 22

microscopic silica structures formed In the cells of many plants, particularly grasses

Question 23

what is environmental determinism?

Answer 23

an interpretation that links simple environmental changes directly to a major evolutionary shift in an organism. Such explanations over simplify the evolutionary process

Question 24

why and why are stable carbon isotopes produced?

Answer 24

produced in plants in differing proportions depending upon environmental conditions

Question 25

Jolly (1970) and Lovejoy (1981) tried to do what?

Answer 25

link ecology, feeding, and social behavior to why bipedalism arose.

Question 26

who thought of Jolly- seed eating hypothesis, requires bipedalism is a result of an adaptation to eating seeds and nuts on the round

Answer 26

Jolly

Question 27

what were Lovejoy’s theories

Answer 27

looks to feeding, pair bonding, infant care, and food sharing, assumed K selection, males provisioning females, and monogamous relations

Question 28

What were Dean Falk’s theories

Answer 28

suggest that an upright posture put severe constraints on brain size, suggested that new brain cooling systems evolved with bipedalism (known as radiator theory)