Chapter 2- The People of Physical Anthropology

Question 1

who was the first person to explan the basic mechanics of the evolutionary process?

Answer 1

Charles Darwin

Question 2

principle that believes that species can never change

Answer 2

fixity of species

Question 3

Copernicous

Answer 3

challenged that the earth was the center of the universe

Question 4

Galileo

Answer 4

confirms Copernicous’ ideas

Question 5

What years did the naturalists arise?

Answer 5

1700 and 1800’s

Question 6

Archbishop Ussher

Answer 6

Irish prelate and scholar, dates earth to 4004BC, “near earth origins” contemporary of Decartes and Newton, problem- falsifiability

Question 7

John Ray

Answer 7

invents concept of species and genus, English botanist wrote “The Wisdom of God in the works of creation.” Concept of isolated reproduction

Question 8

this pertains to groups of organisms that mainly because of genetic differences, are prevented from mating and producing offspring with members of other such groups

Answer 8

reproductively isolated

Question 9

Linnaeus (Carol) 1707-1778

Answer 9

Formulated binominal nomenclature, naturalist, wrote systems of nature, believed in fixity of species, names related to morphological similarities, created 4 Tier system (built off of John Ray’s ideas)

Question 10

George Lecelere de Buffon

Answer 10

Keeper of the King’s Gardens, recgonized the dynamic relationship between the external environment and living forms, nature is dynamic and not static, 1st person to challenge Ussher,

Question 11

How did Buffon explain change? (what was his error)

Answer 11

Explained change through de-evolution

Question 12

What was Buffon’s major contribution?

Answer 12

Nature’s great workman is time

Question 13

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 13

“Zoonomia,” compared and contrasted Buffon and Linnaeus concerning fixity and change in species, theorized humans were from Africa and genetically similar to apes, died in 1802

Question 14

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 14

1744-1829, theorized that thre was a dynamic relationship between species and their environment, animals would change their activity to accommodate new circumstances, over time unused body parts disappear, “use disuse theory” (bad giraffe example), a trait acquired during and animal’s lifetime can be passed onto its descendants, the ultimate life form is human beings

Question 15

George Cuvier

Answer 15

doctrine of catastrophism, fixity of species, discovered over 700 species in the sediment

Question 16

after every major diasster the incoming species have more modern appearance because they were the result of more recent creation events

Answer 16

catastrophism

Question 17

Thomas Malthus

Answer 17

1766-1834, British, animal populations crease in numbers when resources are plentiful and there aren’t as many predators, a lack of resources would always cause problems for mankind, social problems a result of population increase,

Question 18

1) resources increase in a linear fashion, 2) populations grow in a different way than resources increase, they increase in a ultiplicative fashion, example drawn from new world, eventually humanity will have a problem with sustaining itself

Answer 18

Maltheus’ ideas

Question 19

needs and desires of an organism or the creatrue’s abundant use of certain organs and bodily structures cause said organs to change to better meet those needs, these changes are then passed on

Answer 19

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Lamark)

Question 20

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

Answer 20

Principles of Geology, earth’s features are the result of long term processes and they continue to this day, the earth is really old

Question 21

the earth’s features are the result of long term processes still operating into the present day

Answer 21

uniformitarianism

Question 22

Mary Anning

Answer 22

found a complete fossil of an Ichthyosaurus

Question 23

the world is so old it is infinite from the human vantage point

Answer 23

Deep Time (concept)

Question 24

Young Darwin

Answer 24

1809-1882, English naturalist, was wealthy, studied in Edinburgh at the Christ college divinity school, was not an exceptional student, dropped out of divinity school, published Origin of Species in 1859

Question 25

natural selection

Answer 25

favorable variations are preserved and unfavourable ones are destroyed, overtime a new species would evolve

Question 26

Basic Process of Natural Selection

Answer 26

competition for resources, survival of the fittest, and heterability

Question 27

the ability of a population to grow is infinite, but the ability of an environment to support one is finite

Answer 27

competition for resources

Question 28

organisms within populations vary and this variation affects the ability of individuals to survive and reproduce

Answer 28

survival of the fittest

Question 29

these variations are heritable, and the offspring are more like their parents than a randomly selected member of the population

Answer 29

hetrability

Question 30

Darwin in years: 1836, 1838, 1842, 1844

Answer 30

darwin and lyell become buddies, darwin reads malthus, first discusses natural selection with friends, finally writes an extended argument and leaves it in a safe

Question 31

1858 AR Wallace does what?

Answer 31

technically becomes the discoverer of natural selection

Question 32

1858 lyell and darwin do what?

Answer 32

co present a paper about evolution,

Question 33

Huxly

Answer 33

staunch darwin supporter

Question 34

What are some constraints of 19th century evolutionary theory?

Answer 34

Darwin did not comprehend the exact mechanisms of evolutionary change

Question 35

oppositions to evolution

Answer 35

mechanisms of evolution are complex and don’t lend themselves to simple explanations, does not provide definitive answers

Question 36

Fleeming Jenkin

Answer 36

opposed Darwin based on blending principles

Question 37

Blending Inheritance

Answer 37

the way in which inheritance worked was through blending,if blending was true, then as generations reproduce variation is reduced over time. Therefore natural seletion was impossible (according to Jenkin),

Question 38

Darwin could not explain what in his lifetime?

Answer 38

maintenance of variation