Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Retention of information over time

Question 2

Sensory memory

Answer 2

Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory

Question 3

Iconic memory

Answer 3

Visual sensory memory

Question 4

Echoic memory

Answer 4

Auditory sensory memory

Question 5

Short-term memory

Answer 5

Memory system that retains information for limited durations

Question 6

Decay

Answer 6

Fading of information from memory over time

Question 7

Interference

Answer 7

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information

Question 8

Retroactive interference

Answer 8

Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information

Question 9

Proactive interference

Answer 9

Interference with acquisition of new information due to the previous learning of information

Question 10

Magic number

Answer 10

The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: 7 plus or minus two pieces of information

Question 11

Chunking

Answer 11

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

Repeating information to extend the duration of retention and short-term memory

Question 13

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 13

Repeating stimuli and their original form to retain them in short-term memory

Question 14

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

Question 15

Levels of processing

Answer 15

Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it

Question 16

Long-term memory

Answer 16

Relatively enduring retention of information stored regardless of our facts, experiences, and skills

Question 17

Permastore

Answer 17

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

Question 18

Primacy effect

Answer 18

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Question 19

Recency effect

Answer 19

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Question 20

Serial position curve

Answer 20

Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list

Question 21

Semantic memory

Answer 21

Our knowledge of facts about the world

Question 22

Episodic memory

Answer 22

Recollection of events in our lives

Question 23

Explicit memory

Answer 23

Memories We recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

Question 24

Implicit memory

Answer 24

Memories We Don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Question 25

Procedural memory

Answer 25

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

Question 26

Priming

Answer 26

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli

Question 27

Encoding

Answer 27

Process of getting information into our memory banks

Question 28

Mnemonic

Answer 28

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

Question 29

Storage

Answer 29

Process of keeping information in memory

Question 30

Schema

Answer 30

Organized to knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory

Question 31

Retrieval

Answer 31

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

Question 32

Retrieval cue

Answer 32

Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information

Question 33

Recall

Answer 33

Generating previously remembered information

Question 34

Recognition

Answer 34

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Question 35

Relearning

Answer 35

Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time

Question 36

Distributed versus massed practice

Answer 36

Studying information in small increments over time versus in large increments over a brief amount of time

Question 37

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 37

Experience of knowing that we know something but unable to access it

Question 38

Encoding specificity

Answer 38

Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encode it

Question 39

Context dependent learning

Answer 39

Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

Question 40

State dependent learning

Answer 40

Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding

Question 41

Long-term potentiation

Answer 41

Gradual strengthening of connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

Question 42

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 42

Loss of memories from our past

Question 43

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 43

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Question 44

Meta memory

Answer 44

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Question 45

Infantile amnesia

Answer 45

Inability of adult to remember personal experiences that took place before and early age

Question 46

Flashbulb memory

Answer 46

Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

Question 47

Source monitoring confusion

Answer 47

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Question 48

Cryptomnesia

Answer 48

Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else

Question 49

Suggestive memory technique

Answer 49

Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Question 50

Misinformation effect

Answer 50

Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place