Chapter 15 Flashcards
demonic model
view of mental illness in which behaving oddly, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
medical model
view of mental illness as a result of a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
asylum
institution for people with mental illnesses created in the 15th century
moral treatment
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
deinstitutionalized
the governmental policy of the 1960s and 1970s that focuses on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals
labeling theorists
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviors
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
prevalence
percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
comorbidity
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
categorical model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree
dimensional model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
Research Domain Criteria
a recently launched program of research designed to classify mental disorders in terms of deficits in the brain circuitry
involuntary commitment
procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or another facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others or their inability to care for themselves
insanity defense
legal defense proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them
somatic symptom disorder
condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin
illness anxiety disorder
condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness
generalized anxiety disorder
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
panic attack
brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, lightheadedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy
panic disorder
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them
phobia
intense fear of an object or situation that is greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
posttraumatic stress disorder
marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
obsessive-compulsive disorder
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
obsession
persistent idea, thought, or urgent that is unwanted, causing marked distress
compulsion
repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress
anxiety sensitivity
fear of anxiety-related sensations
major depressive episode
State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
cognitive model of depression
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
learned helplessness
tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control
manic episode
experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior
bipolar disorder
condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
personality disorder
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, and lead to distress or impairment
borderline personality disorder
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
psychopathic personality
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk taking
antisocial personality disorder
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible or illegal actions
dissociative disorder
condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
depersonalization/derealization disorder
condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall important personal information–most often related to a stressful experience–that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
dissociative fugue
sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events
dissociative identity disorder
condition characterized by the presence of two or more district personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behavior
schizophrenia
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
delusion
strongly held fixed belief that has no basis in reality
psychotic symptom
psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
hallucination
sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus
catatonic symptom
motor problem, including holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, curling up in a fetal position, and resisting simple suggestions to move
diathesis-stress model
perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
autism spectrum disorder
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
childhood condition marked by excessive and inattention, impulsivity, and activity
