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Ap Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell specialized for communication

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

Portion of neuron that receives signals

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3
Q

Axon

A

Portion of neuron that sends signals

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4
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

Spherical sac containing neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron

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6
Q

Synapse

A

Space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically

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7
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The Gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

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8
Q

Glial cell

A

Cell in the nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, response to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory

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9
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neurons signal

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10
Q

Resting potential

A

Electrical charge difference across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited

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11
Q

Threshold

A

Membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Time during which another action potential is impossible; limits the maximal firing rate

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14
Q

Receptor site

A

Location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Reuptake

A

Means of recycling neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Endorphin

A

Chemical in the brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction

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17
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability of the nervous system to change

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18
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Creation of new neurons in the adult brain

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19
Q

Stem cell

A

A cell common often originating in embryos, having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized sound

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20
Q

Central nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior

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21
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves in the body that extend outside of the central nervous system

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22
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

Pockets in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, which provide the brain with nutrients and cushion against injury

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23
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Utmost part of the forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions

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24
Q

Forebrain

A

Forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities

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25
Cerebral hemispheres
Two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions
26
corpus callosum
Large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
27
Frontal lobe
Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning
28
Motor cortex
Part of the frontal lobe responsible for body movement
29
Prefrontal cortex
Part of the frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
30
Broca's area
Language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps control speech production
31
Parietal lobe
Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that specialized for touch and perception
32
Temporal lobe
Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays a role in hearing, understanding, language, and memory
33
Wernicke's area
Part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech
34
Occipital lobe
Back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision
35
Primary sensory cortex
Regions of the cerebral cortex that initially process information from the senses
36
Association cortex
Regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions
37
Basal ganglia
Structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
38
limbic system
Emotional center of brain that also plays a role in smell, motivation, and memory
39
Thalamus
Gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex
40
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state
41
Amygdala
Part of limbic system that place key roles and fear, excitement, and arousal
42
Hippocampus
Part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory
43
Cerebellum
Brain structure responsible for our sense balance
44
Brain stem
Part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla
45
Midbrain
Part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking a visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound
46
Reticular activating system
Brain area that plays a key roll in arousal
47
hind brain
Region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
48
Pons
Part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum
49
Medulla
Part of the brainstem involves in basic functions, such as heartbeat and breathing
50
Spinal cord
Thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and body
51
Interneuron
Neuron that sounds messages to other neurons nearby
52
Reflex
An automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus
53
Somatic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that conveys information between the central nervous system and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement
54
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our initial organs and glands, which participates in emotion regulation
55
Sympathetic nervous system
Division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight
56
Parasympathetic nervous system
Division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion
57
endocrine system
System of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers
58
Hormone
Chemical released into the bloodstream that influence particular organs and glands
59
Pituitary gland
Master gland, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body
60
Adrenal glands
Tissue located on top of the kidneys that releases adrenaline and cortisol during states of emotional arousal
61
Electroencephalograph
Recording of the brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull
62
Computed tomography
A scanning technique using multiple x-rays to construct three-dimensional images
63
Magnetic resonance imaging
Technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize the brain structure
64
Positron emission tomography
Imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain
65
Functional MRI
Technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level
66
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or interrupt brain function
67
Magnetoencephalography
Technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
68
Lateralization
Cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other
69
Split brain surgery
Procedure that involves severing the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures
70
Chromosome
Slender thread inside a cell's nucleus that carries genes
71
Gene
Genetic material composed of DNA
72
Genotype
Our genetic makeup
73
Phenotype
Our observable traits
74
Dominant gene
Gene that masks other genes effects
75
Recessive gene
Gene that is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene
76
Fitness
Organisms capacity to pass on their genes
77
Evolutionary psychology
I feel that strikes to explain psychological traits as naturally selective adaptations
78
Heritability
Percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is the result of genes
79
Family study
Analysis of how characteristics run in intact families
80
Twin study
Analysis of how traits differ in identical twins versus fraternal twins
81
Adoption study
Analysis of how traits vary an individuals raised apart from their biological relatives
82
Epigenetics
A field that examines how environmental influences affect the expression of genes

Ap Psychology (16 decks)

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