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Ap Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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2
Q

trait

A

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations

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3
Q

nomothetic approach

A

approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals

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4
Q

idiographic approach

A

approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within an individual

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5
Q

molecular genetic study

A

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific characteristics, including personality traits

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6
Q

psychic determinism

A

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

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7
Q

id

A

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression

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8
Q

pleasure principle

A

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

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9
Q

ego

A

psyche’s executive and principal decision maker

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10
Q

reality principle

A

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

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11
Q

superego

A

our sense of morality

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12
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

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13
Q

repression

A

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

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14
Q

denial

A

refusal to acknowledge current events in our lives

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15
Q

regression

A

the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age

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16
Q

reaction-formation

A

transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite

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17
Q

projection

A

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others

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18
Q

displacement

A

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target

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19
Q

rationalization

A

providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or for failures

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20
Q

sublimation

A

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal

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21
Q

oral stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth

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22
Q

anal stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training

23
Q

phallic stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

24
Q

Oedipus complex

A

conflict during the phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

25
latency stage
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
26
genital stage
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
27
neo-Freudian theories
theories derived from Freud's model but with less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and more optimism regarding the prospects for long term personality growth
28
style of life
according to Alfred Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority
29
inferiority complex
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings
30
collective unconscious
according to Carl Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
31
archetype
cross-culturally universal symbol
32
social learning theorists
theorists who emphasize thinking as a central cause of personality
33
reciprocal determinism
tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior
34
locus of control
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control
35
self-actualization
drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
36
conditions of worth
according to Carl Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior
37
incongruence
inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions
38
peak experience
transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
39
factor analysis
statistical technique that analyzes the correlation among responses on personality inventories and other measures
40
Big Five
five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measurements
41
lexical approach
assumption that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language
42
structured personality test
paper-and-pencil measure consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
43
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
44
empirical method of test construction
approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best differentiate them
45
face validity
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
46
rational/theoretical method of test construction
approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write item to assess that conceptualization
47
projective test
test consisting on ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
48
projective hypothesis
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
49
Rorschach Inkblot tests
projective test consisting of 10 symmetrical inkblots
50
incremental validity
extent to which a test contributes information beyond other more easily collected measures
51
Thematic Apperception Test
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
52
graphology
psychological interpretation of handwriting
53
P.T. Barnum effect
tendency of people to accept descriptions that apply to almost everyone as applying specifically to them

Ap Psychology (16 decks)

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