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Bio 111 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular respiration
aerobic

A

with oxygen
more efficient more atp

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2
Q

cellular respiration
anaerobic

A

without oxygen
partial degradation

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3
Q

Exergonic

A

Change in G = negative
spontaneous
G reactants > G products
release energy

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4
Q

Endergonic

A

Change in G = positive
G reactants < G products
Require energy

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5
Q

Reduction

A

Reactant gains electron or H
Product lost oxygen
Reactant becomes “reduced”
Reactant acts like “oxidizing agent”
Oxidizes second reactant (donates electron or H)

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6
Q

Oxidation

A

Reactant looses e or H
Product gains oxygen
Reactant becomes “oxidized”
Reactant acts like “reducing agent”
Reduces first reactant (accepts electron or H)

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7
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss
Reduction is gain

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8
Q

Combustion reaction

A

release tremendous energy
heat energy useful
partial oxidation/reduction

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9
Q

Partially oxidized/reduced

A

partial gain or lost e
covalent bonds
carbon in CH4
Oxygen in O2

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10
Q

redox

A

oxidation-reduction reactions
movement of electrons and H
most energy conserved with movement
electron transfer -> energy release
electrons may be “carried”

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11
Q

Uncontrolled

A

rocket fuel
change in G = very neg (exergonic)
explosive energy release
impossible to capture

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12
Q

Stepwise energy release

A

Cellular respiration
change in G = negative (exergonic)
release over multiple steps
each step = redox rxn
steps = stronger affinity to e
able to capture energy
stronger affinity = stronger oxidizer

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13
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or NADH

A

electron carrier molecule
NAD+ + e= NADH
e form glucose
dehydrogenase (enzyme) moves H/e
carriers 2 e and 2 H (uses one H)
Flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD)

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14
Q

Flavin adenine nucleotide

A

(FAD)
electron carrier

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15
Q

electron transport chain

A

proteins in membrane
bottom step oxidizes top step
O2 terminal e acceptor
O2 highest e affinity
O2 “pulls” electron down chain
similar to gravity down hill

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16
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (heat loss + usable energy)

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17
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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18
Q

Glycolysis Overview

A

Glucose broken down to pyruvate, producing ATP and reduced electron carriers

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19
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation Overview

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-coA producing reduced electron carriers, and CO2

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20
Q

Citric acid cycle Overview

A

acetyl-coa enters the cycle, producing ATP, reduced electron carriers, and CO2

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21
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation Overview

A

Reduced electron carriers donate e to electron transport chain, leads to ATP synthesis

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22
Q

Energy in ATP

A

7.3 kcal/mol

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23
Q

Kinase

A

enzyme, phosphorylation

24
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

reduction

25
Q

Glycolysis

A

“sugar splitting”
in cytosol
no o2 needed
e investment (-2ATP)
e payoff (+4ATP)
net = 2
only 1/4 of glucose energy released

26
Q

Major products of Glycolysis

A

+2 pyruvate
+2 NADH
+2 ATP (net)
+2 H+ 2 H2O

27
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

When O2 present
links glycolysis to citric acid cycle
pyruvate -> pyruvate dehydrogenase
catalyzes 3 reactions
1. carboxy fully oxidized -> (2 total CO2)
2. Electron transfer -> reduction of NAD+ to NADH
3. Coenzyme A transferred -> acetyl coa (w/ sulfur)
Acetyl CoA (high potential energy) starting substrate for Krebs

28
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol (pro and euk)

29
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur

A

Pro -> cytosol
Euk -> cytosol to mito matrix

30
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

“krebs cycle”
Acetyl CoA initial substrate
regeneration of oxaloacetate
most energy held in carriers
transferred to ETC
extracted -> oxidative phospho

31
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur

A

Pro -> cytosol
Euk -> mito-matrix

32
Q

Products of Citric acid cycle

A

+6 NADH
+ 2 FADH2
+2 GTP or ATP
+4 CO2
+ 2H2O but -4H2O
(net 0 because 2 in glyco)

33
Q

Oxidative Phosphorilation

A

most ATP produced at this step
part 1. electron transport chain
part 2. Chemiosmosis

34
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Most energy held in carriers created in other steps
Protein complexes in membrane
each step down = higher affinity
higher affinity = better oxidizer
O2 = terminal electron acceptor
NADH “better” (higher E state) than FADH2
release energy in usable quantities
no ATP directly, releases E to eventually create ATP

35
Q

Where does the ETC occur

A

Pro -> PM cytosol
Euk -> mito-membrane matrix

36
Q

Electron transport chain

A

+ 10 NAD+
+2 FAD
Both ready to pick up more H
+ 6H2O

37
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Energy coupling mechanism (ender and exer)
ETC is exergonic
energy from electron transfer
pumps H ions into intermembrane space
creates gradient with potential energy
proton membrane force (PMF) = potential energy
ATP synthesis is endergonic
Inorganic P + ADP -> ATP
1. H diffuses through stator
2. H+ binds to rotor
causes spinning internal rod, spinning activates catalytic sites in knob
3. catalyze phosphorylation of ADP -> ATP
like water spins a waterwheel

38
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation products

A

+ 6 H2O
+ (26-28) ATP
+ 10 NAD+
+ 2 FAD

39
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

A

Pro - Cytoplasm
Euk - mito-intermembrane space

40
Q

Why is ATP production inexact

A

ATP yield depends on carrier
PMF drives other processes
Cellular respiration in 34% efficient

41
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A

without O2
still uses ETC
different final e acceptor
diff oxidizer (SO4 2-) (sulfate)( not humans -> bacteria)
aerobic bacteria -> saltmarsh

42
Q

Fermentation

A

no ETC
rely solely on glycolysis
2 net ATP
always regardless of O2
limited by NAD + availability because no ETC

43
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Bacteria and Fungi
ethanol

44
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

strenuous activity
no CO2 produced
no O2

45
Q

least ATP to most ATP production

A
  1. (most) Aerobic
  2. Anaerobic
  3. (least) fermentation
46
Q

Connected pathways

A

can derive energy from proteins, starch/disaccharides, glycerol/fatty acids (gram to gram)
intermediate shunted to anabolic pathways
do not directly consume glucose

47
Q

Control of metabolism

A

feedback inhibition
phosphofructokinase (enzyme for glycolysis)
main control mechanism with many sites
stimulatory: more AMP low [citrate], stimulate production
inhibitory: more ATP, high [citrate], inhibit production

highly efficient and responsive
occurs locally at cell level

48
Q

dehydrogenase

A

catalyzes reduction

49
Q

kinase

A

phosphorylation
ADP -> ATP

50
Q

ATP from NADH

A

2.5

51
Q

ATP from FADH2

A

1.5

52
Q

How much uptake can uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria use

A

2

53
Q

phosphofruktokinase

A

enzyme for glycolysis
control mechanism for ATP production
high AMP -> activates
low ATP or citrate -> stops

54
Q

energy from cell respiration

A

30-32 ATP
686 kcal/mol

55
Q

substrate level phosphorilation

A

everything but oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

formula for alcohol fermentation

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) ->
2C2H5OH (ethanol)
+ 2CO2
+ 2ATP

57
Q

formula for lactic acid fermentation

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) ->
2CO2
+ 2 ATP
+ C3H6O3 (lactic acid)

Bio 111 (13 decks)

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