Chapter 4 Flashcards
Microscopy
Microscopes- instruments to magnify objects
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Invented microscopes in 1590 called cells “animacules”
Robert Hooke
Called cells “cells”
Types of microscopy
Light microscopy- visible light/ lenses/ refraction
Electron microscopy- Electrons/scanning/transmission
Prokaryotes
“before kernel”
no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes
“the kernel”
has nucleus and many organelles
cell walls vary
Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (jelly)
ribosomes
DNA
Pilli
Short hair like structures on surface of prokaryotes
Flagellum
Slender thread like tail that allows prokaryotes to “swim”
Nucleoid region
Area of prokaryotic cell that contains dna and other genetic material
Cocci
Spherical bacteria
Bacilli
Rod shaped bacteria
Spirillum
Spiral shaped bacteria
Eukaryotic cell basic structure
Cell wall, plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, Cytoplasm (contains organelles and cytosol)
Chemical composition of cell walls
Protists -> silica, CaCO3 [calcium carbonate], pro-glycans
Fungi -> Chitin
Plants -> Cellulose
Nucleus
Houses chromosomes, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina (protein network structural support) and matric, nucleolus
Nuclear pores
transport proteins and RNA
Connected to endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear lamina and matrix
proteinaceous support to nucleus
Nucleolus
Produce and assemble RNA
Chromosomes
condensed; chromatin
dividing; sister chromatids (identical copies joined together at centromere)
Sections of DNA -> gene
Ribosomes
Protein and r RNA subunits
smaller and less complex in prokaryotes
larger and more complex in eukaryotes
site of translation (synthesis of protein)
not membrane bound
read mRNA and translate into AA that form proteins
Free Ribosomes
Floating in cytosol
Enzymatic proteins
Bound Ribosomes
on Endoplasmic Reticulum
membrane proteins
Double membrane
Energy related organelles
mitochondria, chloroplast
Mitochondria
All eukaryotic cells
inner membrane
cellular respiration (ATP production)
matrix (inner space of mitochondrion)
Cristae (folds in inner membrane to increase SA for reactions)
Chloroplasts
Photosynthetic cells
Thylakoid membrane (internal membrane)
Thylakoid (flattened discs site of reactions)
Grana (stacks of thylakoids)
Pigment -> chlorophyll
Thylakoid
Flattened discs, site of reaction in chloroplasts
Grana
stacks of thylakoids in chloroplast
Christae
Folds in inner membrane of mitochondria, increase SA for reactions
Peroxisomes
Oxidation and detoxification, fatty acid catabolism
detoxify ethanol in liver
detoxify H2O2 w/ catalase (enzyme)
Crystalline core ( dense collection of enzymes that perform reactions)
Crystalline core
core in peroxisomes; dense collection of enzymes that perform rxn.s
Endosymbiotic theory
Origin of eukaryotic cells
1. ancestral eukaryote engulfed aerobic/ photosynthetic prokaryote (mitochondria/chloroplast)
2. Become endosymbiotic
Evidence of endosymbiotic theory
- both (euk and prokaryote) double membraned
- w/ ribosomes and circular DNA
- autonomous structures
Vesicles and Vacuoles
membranous sacs, selectively permeable, from endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
small; secretory or transport
may be unique organelle
macromolecules, enzymatic proteins
Vacuoles
large; food during phagocytosis
Contractile; pump H2O out
Storage; plant cell and organics
Central; only found in plants (filled with cell sap) performs variety of functions
Nucleus
Houses chromosomes
Produce and assemble RNA
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Transport proteins and RNA
Connects to ER
ribosomal RNA
protein and rRNA subunits (primary component of RNA)
bound (membrane)
cytosol (free)
site of translation (proteins produced using RNA)
Endoplasmic reticulum
rough and smooth
make proteins or synthesize and detoxify
“rough” ER
with ribosomes
synthetic proteins (transmembrane/organelle/secreted)
ex. insulin and trypsin (helps digest proteins)
“smooth” ER
without ribosomes
synthesize lipids (fatty acids and phospholipids)
detoxify
ex: cholesterol
Golgi Apparatus
Shipping and receiving center
cisternae folds
modify proteins and lipids
sorting proteins and lipids
carbohydrates added
Lysosomes
specialized vesicle that contains digestive enzymes
phagocytosis (cell eating)
Intracellular (within cell) digestion
Autophagy (recycling center)
Endomembrane review
Nucleus and Nuclear membrane (amazon headquarters)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(fulfillment center)
Transport vesicle
(tractor trailers/plane)
Golgi Apparatus
(distribution center)
Secretory vesicle
(Delivery vans)
Cell membrane
(your home)
Cytoskeleton
Interconnected protein network
Nucleus -> cell membrane
1. maintain cell shape
2. anchor organelles
3. allows movement
Microfilaments
7 nm diameter
function =flexibility
structural support, maintain shape, contract with myosin
pseudopods (arm like projection) -> ameboid movement
two intertwined threads; actin (protein)
Intermediate fillaments
8-11 nm diameter
Function = mechanical strength
cell shape, anchors organelles, connects cells
fibrous coiled proteins (keratin)
microtubules
25 nm diameter
Function = rigidity
cell shape and motility (move independently)
chromosome/organelle movement
hollow tubes; tubulin dimer (two protein monomers)
centrosomes
Microtubule organizing center
near nucleus
made of two centrioles
assist cellular division
cellular movement
centriole
barrel shaped organelle lives within centrosome
short and cylindrical arranged at right angles
Basal bodies
Anchor point for nine fold symmetry in centrioles
Cilia
Hairlike projections that undulate in unison
Flagellum
Whip like structure that moves in whipping motion
Pseudopods
(pinch out membrane)
Amoeba movement
Extracellular matrix of animal cells
Extracellular proteins and sugars
Integrins
Proteins that help cells attach to one another and the extracellular matrix
Fibronectin
Mediates cell and extracellular matrix interaction
Anchoring junctions
Intermediate filaments/ microfilaments
Cadherins
flexible sheet of cell
Cadherins
proteins that help cells stick together
Tight junctions
Bond cells, zipper like junction, impermeable barrier, prevent water loss, found in barrier tissue, tight junction proteins pull cells together
Gap junctions
cytoplasm channels, membrane protein pores, communication, allows molecules and ions to pass
gap junction channel (molecules go from cell to cell)
Plasmodesmata
Plant cell gap junctions
holes in cell wall, cytoplasm connects, connect all plant cells
