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Bio 111 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microscopy

A

Microscopes- instruments to magnify objects

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2
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Invented microscopes in 1590 called cells “animacules”

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Called cells “cells”

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4
Q

Types of microscopy

A

Light microscopy- visible light/ lenses/ refraction
Electron microscopy- Electrons/scanning/transmission

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

“before kernel”
no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

“the kernel”
has nucleus and many organelles
cell walls vary

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7
Q

Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (jelly)
ribosomes
DNA

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8
Q

Pilli

A

Short hair like structures on surface of prokaryotes

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9
Q

Flagellum

A

Slender thread like tail that allows prokaryotes to “swim”

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10
Q

Nucleoid region

A

Area of prokaryotic cell that contains dna and other genetic material

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11
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical bacteria

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12
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped bacteria

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13
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral shaped bacteria

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cell basic structure

A

Cell wall, plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, Cytoplasm (contains organelles and cytosol)

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15
Q

Chemical composition of cell walls

A

Protists -> silica, CaCO3 [calcium carbonate], pro-glycans
Fungi -> Chitin
Plants -> Cellulose

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses chromosomes, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina (protein network structural support) and matric, nucleolus

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17
Q

Nuclear pores

A

transport proteins and RNA
Connected to endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Nuclear lamina and matrix

A

proteinaceous support to nucleus

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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produce and assemble RNA

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20
Q

Chromosomes

A

condensed; chromatin
dividing; sister chromatids (identical copies joined together at centromere)
Sections of DNA -> gene

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein and r RNA subunits
smaller and less complex in prokaryotes
larger and more complex in eukaryotes
site of translation (synthesis of protein)
not membrane bound
read mRNA and translate into AA that form proteins

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22
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Floating in cytosol
Enzymatic proteins

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23
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

on Endoplasmic Reticulum
membrane proteins

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24
Q

Double membrane

A

Energy related organelles
mitochondria, chloroplast

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A

All eukaryotic cells
inner membrane
cellular respiration (ATP production)
matrix (inner space of mitochondrion)
Cristae (folds in inner membrane to increase SA for reactions)

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26
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthetic cells
Thylakoid membrane (internal membrane)
Thylakoid (flattened discs site of reactions)
Grana (stacks of thylakoids)
Pigment -> chlorophyll

27
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened discs, site of reaction in chloroplasts

28
Q

Grana

A

stacks of thylakoids in chloroplast

29
Q

Christae

A

Folds in inner membrane of mitochondria, increase SA for reactions

30
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidation and detoxification, fatty acid catabolism
detoxify ethanol in liver
detoxify H2O2 w/ catalase (enzyme)
Crystalline core ( dense collection of enzymes that perform reactions)

31
Q

Crystalline core

A

core in peroxisomes; dense collection of enzymes that perform rxn.s

32
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Origin of eukaryotic cells
1. ancestral eukaryote engulfed aerobic/ photosynthetic prokaryote (mitochondria/chloroplast)
2. Become endosymbiotic

33
Q

Evidence of endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. both (euk and prokaryote) double membraned
  2. w/ ribosomes and circular DNA
  3. autonomous structures
34
Q

Vesicles and Vacuoles

A

membranous sacs, selectively permeable, from endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus

35
Q

Vesicles

A

small; secretory or transport
may be unique organelle
macromolecules, enzymatic proteins

36
Q

Vacuoles

A

large; food during phagocytosis
Contractile; pump H2O out
Storage; plant cell and organics
Central; only found in plants (filled with cell sap) performs variety of functions

37
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses chromosomes
Produce and assemble RNA

38
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear pores
Transport proteins and RNA
Connects to ER

39
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

protein and rRNA subunits (primary component of RNA)
bound (membrane)
cytosol (free)
site of translation (proteins produced using RNA)

40
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough and smooth
make proteins or synthesize and detoxify

41
Q

“rough” ER

A

with ribosomes
synthetic proteins (transmembrane/organelle/secreted)
ex. insulin and trypsin (helps digest proteins)

42
Q

“smooth” ER

A

without ribosomes
synthesize lipids (fatty acids and phospholipids)
detoxify
ex: cholesterol

43
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Shipping and receiving center
cisternae folds
modify proteins and lipids
sorting proteins and lipids
carbohydrates added

44
Q

Lysosomes

A

specialized vesicle that contains digestive enzymes
phagocytosis (cell eating)
Intracellular (within cell) digestion
Autophagy (recycling center)

45
Q

Endomembrane review

A

Nucleus and Nuclear membrane (amazon headquarters)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(fulfillment center)
Transport vesicle
(tractor trailers/plane)
Golgi Apparatus
(distribution center)
Secretory vesicle
(Delivery vans)
Cell membrane
(your home)

46
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Interconnected protein network
Nucleus -> cell membrane
1. maintain cell shape
2. anchor organelles
3. allows movement

47
Q

Microfilaments

A

7 nm diameter
function =flexibility
structural support, maintain shape, contract with myosin
pseudopods (arm like projection) -> ameboid movement
two intertwined threads; actin (protein)

48
Q

Intermediate fillaments

A

8-11 nm diameter
Function = mechanical strength
cell shape, anchors organelles, connects cells
fibrous coiled proteins (keratin)

49
Q

microtubules

A

25 nm diameter
Function = rigidity
cell shape and motility (move independently)
chromosome/organelle movement
hollow tubes; tubulin dimer (two protein monomers)

50
Q

centrosomes

A

Microtubule organizing center
near nucleus
made of two centrioles
assist cellular division
cellular movement

51
Q

centriole

A

barrel shaped organelle lives within centrosome
short and cylindrical arranged at right angles

52
Q

Basal bodies

A

Anchor point for nine fold symmetry in centrioles

53
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections that undulate in unison

54
Q

Flagellum

A

Whip like structure that moves in whipping motion

55
Q

Pseudopods

A

(pinch out membrane)
Amoeba movement

56
Q

Extracellular matrix of animal cells

A

Extracellular proteins and sugars

57
Q

Integrins

A

Proteins that help cells attach to one another and the extracellular matrix

58
Q

Fibronectin

A

Mediates cell and extracellular matrix interaction

59
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Intermediate filaments/ microfilaments
Cadherins
flexible sheet of cell

60
Q

Cadherins

A

proteins that help cells stick together

61
Q

Tight junctions

A

Bond cells, zipper like junction, impermeable barrier, prevent water loss, found in barrier tissue, tight junction proteins pull cells together

62
Q

Gap junctions

A

cytoplasm channels, membrane protein pores, communication, allows molecules and ions to pass
gap junction channel (molecules go from cell to cell)

63
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Plant cell gap junctions
holes in cell wall, cytoplasm connects, connect all plant cells

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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