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Bio 111 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Reproduction Overview

A
  1. DNA replication - interphase
  2. DNA separation - cell division, mitosis, reproduction at cell level, asexual reproduction, growth + development, repair and renewal
  3. Cellular separation -cytokinesis
  4. Daughter cells - identical DNA, all organelles
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2
Q

Ploidy

A

Euk genetic material
number of unique chromosomes in a cell
N

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3
Q

Chromosomes in humans

A

23 pairs, 46 total

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4
Q

Homologous pairs

A

set of 2 chromosomes in a cell that are the same size and shape
contain genes in the same order
attached at centromere

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5
Q

Somatic chromosomes

A

Euk genetic material
Diploid (2N)
any chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes
two copies
2N = 46

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6
Q

Gametic chromosomes

A

Euk genetic material
Haploid (N)
one copy
N = 23
found in gamete (sex cell)

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7
Q

Genome

A

double stranded DNA
linear
Euk genetic material

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8
Q

Chromatin

A

Diffuse (invisible)
complex structure made of proteins that wrap around
form chromosomes in nucleus
uncondensed DNA
Euk genetic material

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9
Q

Sister chromatids

A

parts following replication
identical copies of centrosomes connected at centromere
Euk genetic material

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed form of dna (visible)
Appear during prophase

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11
Q

Centrosomes

A

animals only
microtubule organizing center
duplicated during interphase

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12
Q

Centrioles

A

2 centrosomes
organelles involved with mitosis
origin of spindle fibers

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13
Q

Kinetochore

A

Special proteins of centromere
attachment point of spindle fibers

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14
Q

Spindle fibers

A

special microtubules; “mitotic spindles”
acquired from cytoskeleton
contraction pulls sister chromatids apart

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15
Q

How long is one cell cycle

A

approx. 24 hrs (not all cells)

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16
Q

Interphase

A

Mitotic stage
stage between successful division
cell mostly in this stage

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17
Q

G0

A

holding stage
normal function
no preparation
repair DNA
90% of cycle
part of interphase

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18
Q

G1

A

6 hrs
cell growth
“growth 1”
metabolic activity
Cell grows larger (2x organelles)
prepare for DNA synthesis

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19
Q

S phase

A

12 hrs
doubling DNA
metabolic activity
DNA synthesis
sister chromatids; kinetochore
Centrosomes -> duplication begins
some organelles replication

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20
Q

G2

A

5 hrs
“growth 2”
metabolic activity
prepare for mitosis
synthesize proteins (microtubule and spindle apparatus)
Centrosome 2x complete
(1 centrosome per pole)
finalize organelle replication
looks like normal cell, by the end centrosomes and chromosomes duplicated

21
Q

Mitotic stage

A

1 hr
mitosis
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
cytokinesis
division of nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, DNA, left with 2 daughter cells

22
Q

Prophase

A

Beginning of mitosis
spindle fibers from centrosomes
Nuclear envelope dissolves
Nucleolus disappears
chromatin condenses (tightly packed chromosomes) visible
Visible as sister chromatids, bound together by centromere

23
Q

Asters

A

short spindle fibers
shaped like star

24
Q

Prometaphase

A

between prophase and metaphase
Nuclear envelop fragments, sister chromatids more condensed, kinetochore formed
spindle fibers invade nuclear area and centrosomes move toward poles

25
Q

Kinetochore spindle fibers

A

connect to sister chromatids and interact/ pull apart

26
Q

Non-kinetochore spindle fibers

A

connect the poles together and lengthen the cell

27
Q

Metaphase

A

centrosomes at opposite poles
sister chromatids align according the centromeres
metaphase plate is formed
equidistant between poles
spindle fibers from each pole
connect to each pair of sisters, kinetochore to spindle fibers, pole connected to 1/2 of all chromatids

28
Q

Anaphase

A

Shortest stage
sister chromatid cohesion proteins cleaves, chromatids separated
each chromatid -> independent
kinetochore spindle fibers begin to shorten and pull chromatids apart completely toward
nonkinetochore fibers lengthen cell
ends with each pole w same number of chromosomes

29
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter nuclei form, new nuclear envelop develops, nucleoli reappears
chromosomes diffuse (non visible again)
microtubules broken down
mitosis is technically complete

30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separate process from mitosis
separation of cytoplasm and PM
cleavage furrow (animal)
cell plate (plant)
contractile ring draws tight and pinches apart(animal)
golgi vesicles (plant)
cell visibly splits

31
Q

Mitosis in plants

A

same steps but easier to identify
same sequence
no centrosomes
yes spindle fibers
cytokinesis cell plate ; builds a wall

32
Q

Prokaryotic cell division

A

Asexual reproduction
1 parent -> 2 offspring
Binary fission
1. replication
2. elongation
3. chromosome pole migration
4. septum formation (PM pinches in)
5. 2 daughter cells produced

33
Q

Control of the cell cycle

A

Checkpoints; Go/No go system

34
Q

G1 control

A

most important
go -> completes cell division
no go -> enters G0

35
Q

G2 control

A

Go -> DNA not damaged
no go -> DNA is damaged and goes to G0 to try to fix

36
Q

M control

A

3rd checkpoint
Go -> chromosomes attached and aligned correctly
no go -> not all attached/aligned

37
Q

Cell cycle depends on

A

cell type

38
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins that regulate cell cycle
by binding to CDKs (Cyclin dependent kinases)
different cyclins regulate checkpoints

39
Q

Cyclin dependent kinases

A

CDK’s activate with cyclins
phosphorylation, activate proteins, stimulate cells into mitosis;
used to fragment nuclear envelope; deactivates during anaphase
cyclin breaks down -> only CDK

40
Q

Growth factors

A

affected by powerful signaling, stimulates growth

41
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

overcrowding stops division; cell surface proteins interact

42
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

cell division requires attachment

43
Q

Programmed cell death process

A
  1. Caspases (enzyme sends signal)
  2. cell rounding
  3. nucellus fragments
  4. PM blisters (blebs)
  5. Cell fragments
  6. engulfed by microphages.
44
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

“gas pedal”
stimulatory (prevents apoptosis and promotes cell cycle)
growth factors

45
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Inhibitory (slow/inhibit cell cycle)
the “breaks”

46
Q

Cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division

47
Q

Tumors

A

swelling in body caused by abnormal cell growth
benign vs. malignant

48
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells

A

Lack differentiation, abnormal nuclei, do not undergo apoptosis, form tumors, and undergo metastasis (spread cancerous cells) and angiogenesis (new arteries and blood bring nutrients)

Bio 111 (13 decks)

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