Chapter 2

Question 1

Molecules

Answer 1

With similar atoms

Question 2

Compounds

Answer 2

with different atoms

Question 3

Atomic Number

Answer 3

Top left, # of protons (and electrons)

Question 4

Atomic mass

Answer 4

Number under symbol, #N + #P

Question 5

Isotopes

Answer 5

of neutrons change but protons stay, mass # changes, found naturally

Different forms of same element

Question 6

Valence electrons

Answer 6

electrons in outer shell, atoms want full shells -> unreactive
octet rule

Question 7

Ionic bonds

Answer 7

unequal sharing of electrons, donating or gaining

Question 8

Covalent bonds

Answer 8

Mostly sharing of electrons

Question 9

Cation

Answer 9

Ionic bond, positively charged, donates electron

Question 10

Anion

Answer 10

Ionic bond, negatively charged, receives electron

Question 11

Nonpolar

Answer 11

mostly equal sharing

Question 12

Polar

Answer 12

Slightly unequal sharing, one atom attracts stronger and creates dipole moment (makes partial + and -)

Question 13

Ionic compounds

Answer 13

Solid/Crystal : strong
Weak in water

Question 14

Intramolecular

Answer 14

Within molecules

Question 15

Intermolecular

Answer 15

Between molecules

Question 16

Electronegativity

Answer 16

Polar covalent bonds, partial neg and pos, one atom attracts e more
Increases L to R, Decreases Top to Bottom

Question 17

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 17

Weak bonds between molecules, strength in number of bonds, high electronegativity

Question 18

Van der Waals

Answer 18

Spontaneous weak bonds, between multiple molecules, all atoms have+/-
Atoms become polarized and temporarily attracted
weaker than covalent/ionic

Question 19

Chemical rxns

Answer 19

Make and break chemical bonds, move electrons around, all theoretically bidirectional

Question 20

Water

Answer 20

essential for life, 75% planet water, polar covalent bonds

Question 21

Unique properties of water

Answer 21

Cohesion and Adhesion, high specific heat, evaporative cooling, universal solvent (like dissolves like)

Question 22

Cohesion

Answer 22

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Question 23

Adhesion

Answer 23

Attraction between molecules of different substances

Question 24

Ionization of water

Answer 24

2 “h bonded” H2o
H3O+
HO-

Question 25

Hydronium

Answer 25

H3O+

Question 26

Hydroxide

Answer 26

OH-

Question 27

Acids and Bases

Answer 27

Acids release H+, Bases take up H+ or release OH-

Question 28

Full dissociation

Answer 28

Acid fully ionizes in aqueous solution, strong

Question 29

pH

Answer 29

-log10 concentration of H+
High [H+] Acidity
Low [H+] Basicity

Question 30

Carbon

Answer 30

Versatile, 4 valence electrons, (carbon skeleton, branching, double bonds)

Question 31

Buffers

Answer 31

Resist change in pH, there are natural buffers, Small change in bio

Question 32

Acidosis

Answer 32

pH too low

Question 33

Alkalosis

Answer 33

pH too high

Question 34

Isomer

Answer 34

Same number of atoms of each element, diff. structures and properties

Question 35

Structural Isomer

Answer 35

Difference in position of covalent bonds (different bond arrangements)

Question 36

Geometric Isomer

Answer 36

Same overall covalent bonds, spatial arrangement different

Question 37

Cis double bond

Answer 37

positioned on same side of double bond

Question 38

trans double bond

Answer 38

Positioned of opposite side of double bond

Question 39

Enantiomer isomers

Answer 39

Mirror images
Levo (s) vs. Dextro (R)
reflection often
ineffective/deadly

Question 40

Functional groups

Answer 40

Similar chemical groups