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Psychology 201 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Using questionnaires and interviews to gather information about people

A

survey

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2
Q

All the cases of interest

A

population

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3
Q

A group from the population

A

sample

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4
Q

A list of names that the sample can be taken from and represents the operational definition of the population

A

sampling frame

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5
Q

Order of finding your sample

A

Population > Sampling frame > Sample

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6
Q

A sample that reflects the population

A

representative sample

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7
Q

a sample that does not reflect important characteristics of the population and can create confounding variables.

A

nonrepresentative or biased sample

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8
Q

The average amount of cases in a population who complete the survey

A

response rate

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9
Q

Limitations of surveys

A
  1. Cannot examine cause-effect reactions
  2. Poor sampling creates poor results
  3. Everything is self-reported, so there is no guarantee that the responses are their actual beliefs
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10
Q

A tendency to respond in a way that a person feels is socially appropriate, rather than as they truly feel

A

social desirability bias

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11
Q

Each member of the population has a chance of being selected. The probability of each member can be changed

A

Probability sampling

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12
Q

Each member of the population has a chance of being selected. The probability of each member being selected cannot be changed

A

nonprobability sampling

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13
Q

Every member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen

A

simple random sampling

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14
Q

Using demographic statistics to increase the probability that certain members will be selected

A

stratified random sampling

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15
Q

Statistical units that contain certain members of the population are identified to be randomly selected from

A

cluster sampling

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16
Q

All participants in the randomly selected cluster are chosen to participate

A

single-stage cluster sampling

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17
Q

A social unit that can be randomly selected or have participants selected from

A

cluster

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18
Q

The use of two or more stages of sampling to select participants

A

multistage sampling

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19
Q

Members of a population are selected nonrandomly for inclusion in a sample on the basis of convenience

A

convenience sampling

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20
Q

A sample is nonrandomly selected to match a specific quota

A

quota sampling

21
Q

Occurs when participants who are currently in a specific situation agree to be a part of the sample

A

self-selection

22
Q

Researchers select a sample according to a specific goal or purpose

A

purposive sampling

23
Q

Researchers identify experts to participate

A

expert sampling

24
Q

People contacted to participate are asked to contact more people to participate. (like a pyramid scheme)

A

snowball sampling

25
Q

Chance differences in the characteristics of samples that occur when randomly selecting samples from a population

A

sampling variability

26
Q

When there is a margin of error in the characteristics of the selected participants

A

margin of sampling error

27
Q

The degree of confidence that the sample reflects the true population

A

confidence level

28
Q

Causes of sampling error

A
  1. Chance fluctuations when statistics are used to estimate population clusters
  2. Population selection
29
Q

Advantages of face-to-face interviews

A
  1. achieve higher response rates then other forms of getting participants
  2. can establish a personal rapport to encourage response to sensitive questions
  3. ensure all participants answer the questions in the same other
  4. can identify any verbal or facial cues that occur due to uncertainty
30
Q

Limitations of face-to-face interviews

A
  1. high cost
  2. differences in delivery of questions
  3. participant cannot remember the question
  4. general characteristics of the interviewer
31
Q

Anything that distorts the participant’s response that are characteristics of the interviewer

A

interviewer effects

32
Q

Why we don’t use telephone surveys that often

A
  1. can’t establish rapport, uses computers
  2. mentally taxing to listen to a computer
  3. can’t evaluate facial cues
  4. Many people don’t have landlines, and cellphone users respond differently then landline users
33
Q

Why we don’t do mail surveys

A
  1. high cost
  2. not many finish it / low response rate
34
Q

Advantages of online survey

A
  1. low cost
  2. faster
  3. can use online social networks to find people
35
Q

limitations of online survey

A
  1. lower response rate
  2. no interaction with the participant
  3. participant inattention to answers
36
Q

When an online survey goes up on the web for people to randomly come across

A

online convenience sampling

37
Q

Using Internet services to find participants. So online services like youtube survey their users

A

crowdsourcing

38
Q

a collection of people who have consented to be contacted to take survey are contacted

A

online opt-in survey panels

39
Q

When people who were selected but didn’t participate in a survey would have provided significantly different answers

A

nonresponse bias

40
Q

When people who were selected but didn’t participate in a survey would have provided significantly different answers

A

nonresponse bias

41
Q

Steps to make a survey

A
  1. understand research goals
  2. identify variables of interest
  3. consider limitations
  4. develop questions
  5. pretest
  6. revise
42
Q

Raters using the same coding system agree on how to score participants

A

interrater reliability

43
Q

Questions that lead responsders to an answer

A

leading questions

44
Q

Emotionally charged questions

A

loaded question

45
Q

Asking two questions at once

A

double-barreled questions

46
Q

question phrasing that contains two negatives

A

double negatives

47
Q

When the placement of a question changes the results

A

order effects

48
Q

when responses are influenced by items around the question

A

context effects

Psychology 201 (12 decks)

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