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Psychology 201 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any factor or attribute that can be measured

A

variable

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2
Q

Variables that are an attribute and are descriptive

A

Categorical or qualitative variables

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3
Q

Variables that can be numerically measured

A

Quantitative variable

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4
Q

Variables that cannot have intermediate values. ex: 1, 2, 3…

A

Discrete variables

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5
Q

Variables that can have any possible value

A

continuous variables

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6
Q

The presumed cause in a cause-effect reaction

A

independent variable

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7
Q

the presumed effect in a cause-effect reaction

A

dependant variable

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8
Q

A characteristic that differs across environments or situations

A

situational variable

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9
Q

A personal characteristic that differs across individuals

A

characteristic variable

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10
Q

Can the same factor be independent or dependant?

A

yes

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11
Q

Can an experiment have multiple dependant variables?

A

yes

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12
Q

Can an experiment have multiple independent variables?

A

yes

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13
Q

Underlying characteristics or processes that are not directly observed, but are inferred from behaviours or outcomes

A

hypothetical constructs

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14
Q

A variable that provides a causal link for an independent and dependent variable

A

mediator variable

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15
Q

A factor that alters the strength or direction of the relation between an independent and dependent variable

A

moderator variable

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16
Q

Referring to defining a variable in a measurable or manipulatable way

A

operational definition

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17
Q

The process of systematically assigning values to represent something

A

measurement

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18
Q

rules for assigning scale values to measurements

A

scales of measurement

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19
Q

A scale of values that only represent qualitative differences i.e. differences in college major or type of anxiety disorder

A

nominal scale

20
Q

Assumptions made about nominal scale

A

All values represent a categorical variable, all values are equal to each other, the numbers themselves are arbitrary when assigned to something (1=biology, 2=physics)

21
Q

Advantages of a nomial scale

A

able to find differences within a catagory

22
Q

Limitations of a nomial scale

A

Not compatible with statistics, no fixed scale

23
Q

Scale values represent relative differences of some attribute i.e. rank =1 (least populator) to rank = 25 (most popular)

A

ordinal scale

24
Q

Advantages of an ordinal scale

A

arrange groups, measure order of magnitude

25
Q

limitations of an ordinal scale

A

Not compatible with statistics

26
Q

A scale that has equal differences between values on the scale reflects equal differences in the attribute being measured i.e. temperature

A

interval scale

27
Q

Advantages of an interval scale

A

find differences between categories, analyze scores

28
Q

Limitations of interval scale

A

Not compatible with statistics

29
Q

When equal distances between values on the scale reflect equal differences in the amount of attribute being measured and has a true zero point

A

ratio scales

30
Q

Advantages of a ration scale

A

Has a true zero which represents the absence of an attribute, compatible with stats

31
Q

Represents the degree to which the measure yields results that agree with a known standard

A

accuracy

32
Q

A degree of constant error occurs with each measurement

A

systematic error

33
Q

The consistency of a measure

A

reliability

34
Q

Random fluctuations that occur during measurement and cause the obtained scores to deviate

A

random measurement error

35
Q

What can cause random measurement errors?

A

participants’ characteristics, measurement setting or procedures, issues with measurement instruments, or mistakes in transcribing data

36
Q

Determining reliability by administering the same measure two or more times

A

Test-retest

37
Q

The degree to which the items on the test an interrelated

A

internal reliability

38
Q

A test is divided in two, so one half is correlated with the other

A

split-half reliability

39
Q

A statistic that reflects how strongly individual items on a test corrolate

A

Cronbach’s alpha

40
Q

The degree to which independent observers show agreement in their observations

A

interobserver reliablity

41
Q

How accurate is an inference. It should be based on sound reasoning

A

validity

42
Q

The degree to which the items on a measure appear to be reasonable

A

face validity

43
Q

represents the degree to which items on a measure adequately represent the entire range of the content

A

content validity

44
Q

the degree to which the scores acurately measure the content

A

criterion validity

45
Q

The degree to which the measures accurately measure the construct it’s supposed to

A

construct validity

Psychology 201 (12 decks)

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