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Psychology 201 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, event or phenomenon.

A

Case study

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2
Q

An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, event or phenomenon.

A

Case study

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3
Q

Core features of a case study

A

Has a defined unit of analysis for the case

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4
Q

Advantages of a case study

A
  1. Flexibility due to the small number of participants
  2. Can use a wide variety of techniques to collect data
  3. Able to collect a lot of details on one or more people
  4. Individual cases can provide insight into broader conditions
  5. lead to new hypothesizes
  6. Provide support of the external validity of other research methods
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5
Q

Examining an individual case in depth within it’s real-life context

A

Qualitative case study

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6
Q

Researchers rely primarily on numerical assessments and analysis to describe and understand a case

A

Quantitative case study

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7
Q

Researchers rely substantially on both quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore a case

A

Mixed-methods case study

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8
Q

Researchers rely substantially on both quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore a case

A

Mixed-methods case study

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9
Q

A case is examined in depth due to some inherent interest in learning about that particular case

A

intrinsic case study

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10
Q

A case is analyzed in depth because it can help us learn about a broader phenomenon

A

instrumental case study

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11
Q

Several cases are studied in depth for the purpose of learning about a broader phenomenon

A

Collective case study

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12
Q

Researchers analyse one case

A

single case study

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13
Q

Researchers study multiple cases

A

multiple case study design

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14
Q

Researchers study multiple cases

A

multiple case study design

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15
Q

How to collect data in a case study

A

direct observation or questioning

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16
Q

The researcher identifies in advance a set of topics or themes to be discussed with the interviewee, but the structure remains flexible

A

semi-structured interview

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17
Q

A moderator leads a group of people through an interview

A

focus group

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18
Q

Additional ways a case study can gather data

A

Psychological and neurological tests, brain imaging, ect.

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19
Q

Limitations of case studies

A
  1. Difficulty drawing clear causal conclusions
  2. the generalizability of findings is not possible
  3. The potential for observer bias
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20
Q

Limitations of case studies

A
  1. Difficulty drawing clear causal conclusions
  2. the generalizability of findings is not possible
  3. The potential for observer bias
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21
Q

Occurs when researchers have expectations or other predispositions that distort their observations

A

observations bias

22
Q

Research that involves studying behaviour through observation

A

observational research

23
Q

Basic characteristics of observational research

A
  1. Measuring behaviour through real-time observation or electronic recording
  2. Qualitative approach or quantitative approach or both
24
Q

Why do observational research?

A
  1. good for describing behaviour
  2. Can describe relationships between naturally occurring variables
25
Q

Researchers passively observe behaviour in a natural setting

A

naturalistic observation

26
Q

Disguise versus undisguised observation

A

In naturalistic observation, participants may or may not know they are being observed

27
Q

Advantages of naturalistic observations

A
  1. can study animals or people in natural settings
  2. it is ecologically valid/high external validity
28
Q

Disadvantages of naturalistic observation

A
  1. lack of control
  2. impossible to observe and record everything
  3. Ethical issues of disguised research
  4. undisguised research can change participants’ behaviour
29
Q

The observer becomes a part of the group during observation periods

A

participant observation

30
Q

Ethical issues of disguised observational research

A

No informed consent is obtained

31
Q

Limitations of participant observation studies

A
  1. The researcher’s presence can change the behaviour of the group
  2. Researchers may have to be apart of a group for years
  3. Researchers can lose objectivity
32
Q

Advanatages of participant observation studies

A
  1. study behaviour from the view point of an insider
  2. Can be the only way to study the group
33
Q

Combining participant observation with interviews to gain an integrative description of social groups

A

ethnography

34
Q

A researcher is fully or partly configures the setting in which behavior will be observed

A

stuctured observation

35
Q

Structured observation advantages

A

greater efficiency and control if done in a lab

36
Q

structured observation disadvantages

A

takes place in a lab

37
Q

Ways to record observations

A

narrative records, field notes, behavioural coding systems, observer rating and ranking scales, participant diaries,

38
Q

A system to classify participants’ responses into categories

A

behavioral coding systems

39
Q

Used to evaluate participants’ behaviour or other characteristics by ordering them

A

observer rating and ranking scales

40
Q

When multiple observers have agreeing observations

A

interobserver reliability

41
Q

Selecting a particular member or unit who will be observed at a particular time

A

focal sampling

42
Q

when an observer scans the environment at specific time intervals

A

scan sampling

43
Q

selecting the settings that observations will take place

A

situation sampling

44
Q

selecting the time periods that observations will occur

A

time sampling

45
Q

Limitations of observational research

A
  1. cannot draw causational conclusions because no manipulation and lack of control
  2. observer bias
  3. Reactivity
46
Q

when the process of observing changes the behaviour

A

reactivity

47
Q

observers are unaware of the hypotheses when observing

A

blind observation

48
Q

when responses decrease over time due to desensitization to a stimuli

A

habituation

49
Q

Assesses behaviour without making people aware that the behaviour is being measured. This is also on a continuum depending on the experiment.

A

unobtrusive measure

50
Q

Unobtrusively examine traces of behaviour that people create or leave behind

A

physical trace measures

51
Q

Using existing public records for research

A

archival records

Psychology 201 (12 decks)

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