Chapter 10

Question 1

Assuming something based constructs like intelligence or happiness. Constructs are intangible.

Answer 1

Inferences about constructs

Question 2

Inferring from the data

Answer 2

Statistical inferences

Question 3

Making claims about a causal relationship

Answer 3

Causal inferences

Question 4

Assuming that the relationship between two variables can be generalized.

Answer 4

Inferences about generalizability

Question 5

What does it mean when a generalizability inference is true.

Answer 5

If it is valid, then it can be combined with the three other inferences

Question 6

whether the constructs (conceptual variables) that are being studied are the ones that are actually being manipulatied

Answer 6

construct validity

Question 7

Whether the stats are sound and support statistical conclusions

Answer 7

statistical conclusion validity

Question 8

A branch of psychology that studies research design, statistical analysis, and verification of results

Answer 8

Quantitative psychology

Question 9

Inferential statistical tests require three assumptions

Answer 9

1. a certain minimum number of observations in each cell
2. that you are using a specific scale of measurement
3. data will take the form of a normal distribution eventually

Question 10

the degree to which we can be confident that the study demonstrated that one variable had a causal effect on another variable

Answer 10

Internal validity

Question 11

The generalizability of the findings beyond the present study

Answer 11

external validity

Question 12

External validity can be generalized to…

Answer 12

populations, settings and species

Question 13

The process of repeating a study to determine if the original findings are consistant

Answer 13

replication

Question 14

Why do we need replication?

Answer 14

one study cannot investigate everything nor can it make a study externally valid

Question 15

Seven sources of threat to internal validity

Answer 15

History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression to the mean, attrition, selection

Question 16

Referes to events that occur during a stay that are not part of the experiment that effect the experiment and threat internal validity.

Answer 16

History

Question 17

The ways that people naturally change over time, independent of the study

Answer 17

maturation

Question 18

how measuring a participants response might effect future responses

Answer 18

testing effects

Question 19

Changes that occur to a measuring instrument that effect collection of data

Answer 19

instrumentation

Question 20

The statistical concept that when two variables are not perfectly correlated, the more extreme scores will create lower correlation scores

Answer 20

Regression to the mean

Question 21

When participants fail to complete a study

Answer 21

Attrition

Question 22

Situations when the participants in each condition already differ on characteristics that can account for the results

Answer 22

selection

Question 23

How to control for history

Answer 23

Have all groups of the experiment go at the same time

Question 24

How to control for maturation

Answer 24

If random assignment is used then we can say that maturation is equal across all groups

Question 25

How to control for testing effects

Answer 25

random assignment or pretesting for differences

Question 26

How to control for instrumentation

Answer 26

you can't

Question 27

How to control for regression to the mean

Answer 27

do not select participants based on pretests

Question 28

How to control for Attrition

Answer 28

you don't

Question 29

When significantly different attrition rates or reasons for discontinuing exists across all contains

Answer 29

Differential attrition

Question 30

How to control for selection

Answer 30

random assignment

Question 31

An experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to different conditions for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of an intervention

Answer 31

Randomized controlled trial

Question 32

When a person agrees to be apart of an experiment, they have unwritten social rules and beliefs about the hypothesis that can change their characters.

Answer 32

demand characteristics

Question 33

When your own expectancies can cause the participants to act differently

Answer 33

experimenter expectancy effects

Question 34

Three ways of avoiding experimenter expectancy effects

Answer 34

1. training experimenter or giving them a script 2. not having an experimenter interact with the participants 3. Masking: when the experiment is blind to the purpose of the experiment

Question 35

People' expectations about a treatment changes their responses

Answer 35

Placebo Effects

Question 36

The group that is lead to believe that they are receiving the treatment

Answer 36

placebo control group

Question 37

Neither the participants nor the experimenters are aware of who is receiving the treatment

Answer 37

Double-blind procedure

Question 38

Either the participant or the experimenter are aware of who is receiving the treatment

Answer 38

single-blind procedure

Question 39

Which each control group member is linked to a member of the experimental group

Answer 39

yoked control group

Question 40

Occurs when scores bunch up at the maximum

Answer 40

Celling effect

Question 41

When scores bunch up at the minimum

Answer 41

floor effect

Question 42

A trial experiment

Answer 42

pilot study

Question 43

Mesures to asses whether the procedures used to manipulate an independent variable was successful

Answer 43

manipulation checks

Question 44

Post experiment information

Answer 44

debriefing

Question 45

Studies that are replicated by the original researchers

Answer 45

Non-independent replication

Question 46

A type of non-independent replication when the researchers follow up their initial study with one or replications and present them in a single research report

Answer 46

internal replication

Question 47

Replication that is conducted by external researchers

Answer 47

independant replication

Question 48

Replication of all conditions of the original study

Answer 48

complete replication

Question 49

Replication of only some of the original conditions

Answer 49

partial replication

Question 50

Researchers follow exact procedures of the original study

Answer 50

direct replication

Question 51

Examining the same question of the original study, but operationalizing in a different way

Answer 51

conceptual replication

Question 52

Rplication that adds new elements

Answer 52

replication and extension