Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Assuming something based constructs like intelligence or happiness. Constructs are intangible.

A

Inferences about constructs

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2
Q

Inferring from the data

A

Statistical inferences

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3
Q

Making claims about a causal relationship

A

Causal inferences

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4
Q

Assuming that the relationship between two variables can be generalized.

A

Inferences about generalizability

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5
Q

What does it mean when a generalizability inference is true.

A

If it is valid, then it can be combined with the three other inferences

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6
Q

whether the constructs (conceptual variables) that are being studied are the ones that are actually being manipulatied

A

construct validity

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7
Q

Whether the stats are sound and support statistical conclusions

A

statistical conclusion validity

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8
Q

A branch of psychology that studies research design, statistical analysis, and verification of results

A

Quantitative psychology

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9
Q

Inferential statistical tests require three assumptions

A
  1. a certain minimum number of observations in each cell
  2. that you are using a specific scale of measurement
  3. data will take the form of a normal distribution eventually
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10
Q

the degree to which we can be confident that the study demonstrated that one variable had a causal effect on another variable

A

Internal validity

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11
Q

The generalizability of the findings beyond the present study

A

external validity

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12
Q

External validity can be generalized to…

A

populations, settings and species

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13
Q

The process of repeating a study to determine if the original findings are consistant

A

replication

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14
Q

Why do we need replication?

A

one study cannot investigate everything nor can it make a study externally valid

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15
Q

Seven sources of threat to internal validity

A

History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression to the mean, attrition, selection

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16
Q

Referes to events that occur during a stay that are not part of the experiment that effect the experiment and threat internal validity.

A

History

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17
Q

The ways that people naturally change over time, independent of the study

A

maturation

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18
Q

how measuring a participants response might effect future responses

A

testing effects

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19
Q

Changes that occur to a measuring instrument that effect collection of data

A

instrumentation

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20
Q

The statistical concept that when two variables are not perfectly correlated, the more extreme scores will create lower correlation scores

A

Regression to the mean

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21
Q

When participants fail to complete a study

A

Attrition

22
Q

Situations when the participants in each condition already differ on characteristics that can account for the results

A

selection

23
Q

How to control for history

A

Have all groups of the experiment go at the same time

24
Q

How to control for maturation

A

If random assignment is used then we can say that maturation is equal across all groups

25
Q

How to control for testing effects

A

random assignment or pretesting for differences

26
Q

How to control for instrumentation

A

you can’t

27
Q

How to control for regression to the mean

A

do not select participants based on pretests

28
Q

How to control for Attrition

A

you don’t

29
Q

When significantly different attrition rates or reasons for discontinuing exists across all contains

A

Differential attrition

30
Q

How to control for selection

A

random assignment

31
Q

An experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to different conditions for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of an intervention

A

Randomized controlled trial

32
Q

When a person agrees to be apart of an experiment, they have unwritten social rules and beliefs about the hypothesis that can change their characters.

A

demand characteristics

33
Q

When your own expectancies can cause the participants to act differently

A

experimenter expectancy effects

34
Q

Three ways of avoiding experimenter expectancy effects

A
  1. training experimenter or giving them a script
  2. not having an experimenter interact with the participants
  3. Masking: when the experiment is blind to the purpose of the experiment
35
Q

People’ expectations about a treatment changes their responses

A

Placebo Effects

36
Q

The group that is lead to believe that they are receiving the treatment

A

placebo control group

37
Q

Neither the participants nor the experimenters are aware of who is receiving the treatment

A

Double-blind procedure

38
Q

Either the participant or the experimenter are aware of who is receiving the treatment

A

single-blind procedure

39
Q

Which each control group member is linked to a member of the experimental group

A

yoked control group

40
Q

Occurs when scores bunch up at the maximum

A

Celling effect

41
Q

When scores bunch up at the minimum

A

floor effect

42
Q

A trial experiment

A

pilot study

43
Q

Mesures to asses whether the procedures used to manipulate an independent variable was successful

A

manipulation checks

44
Q

Post experiment information

A

debriefing

45
Q

Studies that are replicated by the original researchers

A

Non-independent replication

46
Q

A type of non-independent replication when the researchers follow up their initial study with one or replications and present them in a single research report

A

internal replication

47
Q

Replication that is conducted by external researchers

A

independant replication

48
Q

Replication of all conditions of the original study

A

complete replication

49
Q

Replication of only some of the original conditions

A

partial replication

50
Q

Researchers follow exact procedures of the original study

A

direct replication

51
Q

Examining the same question of the original study, but operationalizing in a different way

A

conceptual replication

52
Q

Rplication that adds new elements

A

replication and extension