Chapter 1

Question 1

Pseudoscience

Answer 1

False or misconceptions about science that are held as true. They often are not properly researched.

Question 2

Science

Answer 2

the gathering of evidence through careful, systematic and objective observations

Question 3

Issues with pseudosciences

Answer 3

Ridged in their beliefs, don’t accept contrary evidence, subjective evidence, unconnected to other theories

Question 4

What are the five ways of acquiring knowledge?

Answer 4

Tenacity, authority, rationalism, empiricism, and systematic empiricism

Question 5

An idea is accepted as true because it has been around for a long time. It is often based on patterns and superstitions.

Answer 5

Tenacity

Question 6

An idea is accepted as true because a person with authority claims it is true. A person with authority can be a politician, a parent or an expert.

Answer 6

Authority

Question 7

Knowledge is acquired through logical reasoning. This often involves making assumptions about what is the right conclusion.

Answer 7

Rational

Question 8

Knowledge is acquired through experience, but the brain can often make mistakes and this can be dangerous. It also takes a long time.

Answer 8

Empirical

Question 9

Knowledge is acquired through gathering, testing and evaluating evidence, but not everything can be tested.

Answer 9

Systematic

Question 10

What are the goals of science

Answer 10

Describe, explain, predict, and control

Question 11

Factors that occur close to the event

Answer 11

proximal causes

Question 12

factors that occur early as a risk predictor

Answer 12

distal causes.

Question 13

Research that is based on descriptions

Answer 13

basic research

Question 14

Research that is used in the field

Answer 14

applied research

Question 15

Believing something is true because it has always been true

Answer 15

tenacity based

Question 16

Relying on other people as a source of knowledge

Answer 16

authority based

Question 17

Using logic to reach a conclusion

Answer 17

knowledge based on reason

Question 18

gaining knowledge through personal experiences

Answer 18

empirical knowledge

Question 19

process of acquiring knowledge through experience

Answer 19

empiricism

Question 20

The tendency to selectively use information that supports our view and ignore contradictory information

Answer 20

confirmation bias

Question 21

Possible reasons for something that is different then our own conclusion

Answer 21

plausible alternative explanations

Question 22

any factor that can assume two or more values

Answer 22

variable

Question 23

when the independent variable causes the dependent variable

Answer 23

Temporal order

Question 24

what is required to draw a clear causation conclusion

Answer 24

1. Covariation
2. Temporal order
3. Absence of alternative explanations

Question 25

one that, in principle, can be tested empirically: through observation

Answer 25

empirical question