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Psychology 201 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

A system of moral principals and standards that protect participants and researchers.

A

Ethics

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2
Q

The associations responsible for guiding ethical research

A

American Psychological Association and Canadian Psychological Association

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3
Q

How does validity and ethics intertwine?

A

Ensures that participants don’t feel coerced or unsafe during the experiment. When a participant feels unsafe or coerced they might change their responses.

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4
Q

What were the first five ethical considerations in scientific research? (post Nuremberg code)

A
  1. Consent must be voluntary, and they can withdraw at any time
  2. Inform participants about study’s purpose and potential risks
  3. all unnecessary risks should be avoided
  4. Should yield results that benefit society
  5. only qualified scientists can do research
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5
Q

An ethics code that provides the foundation for U.S. federal regulations for conducting research on humans that was created after the Tuskegee Syphilis study.

A

Belmont report

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6
Q

A study conducted by the U.S. government on black men with advanced syphilis, but they refrained from giving them the cure. Many individuals died.

A

Tuskegee Syphilis study

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7
Q

Three prinicpals of ethics as identified by the Belmont report

A

respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

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8
Q

Belmont Report guidelines purpose

A

Obtaining consent, assessing risks and benefits for participants, and fairly selecting participants

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9
Q

Current code for U.S. federal ethics and criteria for experiments on human subjects

A

Common Rule

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10
Q

What is considered human subjects research

A

Any experiment that involves intervention, interaction, gathering of private information or the potential to identify an individual from the information on a living person

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11
Q

APA ethics code

A

general ethical prinicples and standards for psychologists

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12
Q

General principals of APA ethics code

A

Beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect

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13
Q

The principal of not causing harm and benefiting those they experiment on

A

beneficence and nonmaleficence

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14
Q

behaving in a trustworthy manner

A

fidelity

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15
Q

adhering to profesional codes of conduct and not exploiting people

A

responsibility

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16
Q

psychologists should be honest and truthful. No fraud

A

integrity

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17
Q

the benefits of their research should be available to everyone and treat all fairly

A

justice

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18
Q

understand and practice privacy, confidentiality, rights, and self-determination

A

respect

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19
Q

An independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research with humans are within federal regulations

A

Institutional Review Board

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20
Q

IRB members

A
  1. One member not part of the institution
  2. on member with a science background
  3. one member without a science background
21
Q

IRB responsibilities

A
  1. approving studies
  2. disproving studies
  3. requiring investigators to resubmit studies
22
Q

Research that are eligible for exemption from some sections of Common Rule regulations because they use either publicly available information or their identities will not be known

A

exempt research

23
Q

An intervention that is brief, harmless, painless, not invasive, no lasting impact and not embarrassing

A

benign behavioural intervention

24
Q

When only one member and the chair can approve a study because it has minimal risk

A

expedited review

25
Q

Assessment for the possible benefits that might out weight the risks of an experiment

A

risk/benefit ratio

26
Q

The concept that a study has very little potential to do harm

A

minimal risk

27
Q

Certain groups are more at risk like…

A

Elders, children, military, sick, newly diagnosed patients

28
Q

The potential for pain, injury or discomfort

A

physical harm

29
Q

the potential for negative emotions, threats to self-esteem, or distress

A

psychological harm

30
Q

the potential for personal information to be disclosed

A

risk of social harm or loss of privacy

31
Q

When a participant’s identity is unknown

A

anonymity

32
Q

participants identities will not be released without their consent

A

confidentiality

33
Q

Nothing in an experiment should be illegal of financially debilitating

A

risk of economic or legal harm

34
Q

The principal the people must be told that they are participating in an experiment and what the experiment is doing

A

informed consent

35
Q

Informed consent must include

A

summary of key information, purpose an nature of research, anticipated risks, anticipated benefits, alternative procedures or treatments, confidentially, compensation , future use of information, contact information, ability to discontinue at anytime

36
Q

Institutional review board

A

a board in an organization that evaluates the ethics of an experiment

37
Q

Why do we study animals

A

Animals age faster than humans, you can get more experimental control, somethings you can’t ethically do to a human

38
Q

Why do we study animals

A

Animals age faster than humans, you can get more experimental control, somethings you can’t ethically do to a human

39
Q

All sentient being have inherent value and moral standing. Hence, they cannot be used by humans for whatever they want to.

A

Inherent-rights perspective

40
Q

All beings have a moral standing but some have a lower standing than others.

A

Utilitarian perspectives

41
Q

Humans are obligated to treat animals humanely, but animals are not humans. Hence, animals do not have the same moral standing as animals.

A

pro-use perspectives

42
Q

An act that regulates the use of warm-blooded vertebrates in scientific research

A

Animal welfare act

43
Q

Institutional Animal care and use committee

A

a group that review animal research for compliance with the law

44
Q

Three Rs of animal research

A

Reduction, Refinement and Replacement

45
Q

Reducing the number of animals used

A

Reduction

46
Q

Use the least amount of animals possible

A

refinement

47
Q

use anything else but an animal

A

replacement

48
Q

Factors in Scientific integrity

A
  1. No false or deceptive statements
  2. Report all data
  3. Do not falsify data
  4. Report methods
  5. Don’t plagiarize
49
Q

Taking credit for someone else’s work or ideas

A

Plagirarism

Psychology 201 (12 decks)

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