Chapter 3 Flashcards
A system of moral principals and standards that protect participants and researchers.
Ethics
The associations responsible for guiding ethical research
American Psychological Association and Canadian Psychological Association
How does validity and ethics intertwine?
Ensures that participants don’t feel coerced or unsafe during the experiment. When a participant feels unsafe or coerced they might change their responses.
What were the first five ethical considerations in scientific research? (post Nuremberg code)
- Consent must be voluntary, and they can withdraw at any time
- Inform participants about study’s purpose and potential risks
- all unnecessary risks should be avoided
- Should yield results that benefit society
- only qualified scientists can do research
An ethics code that provides the foundation for U.S. federal regulations for conducting research on humans that was created after the Tuskegee Syphilis study.
Belmont report
A study conducted by the U.S. government on black men with advanced syphilis, but they refrained from giving them the cure. Many individuals died.
Tuskegee Syphilis study
Three prinicpals of ethics as identified by the Belmont report
respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
Belmont Report guidelines purpose
Obtaining consent, assessing risks and benefits for participants, and fairly selecting participants
Current code for U.S. federal ethics and criteria for experiments on human subjects
Common Rule
What is considered human subjects research
Any experiment that involves intervention, interaction, gathering of private information or the potential to identify an individual from the information on a living person
APA ethics code
general ethical prinicples and standards for psychologists
General principals of APA ethics code
Beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect
The principal of not causing harm and benefiting those they experiment on
beneficence and nonmaleficence
behaving in a trustworthy manner
fidelity
adhering to profesional codes of conduct and not exploiting people
responsibility
psychologists should be honest and truthful. No fraud
integrity
the benefits of their research should be available to everyone and treat all fairly
justice
understand and practice privacy, confidentiality, rights, and self-determination
respect
An independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research with humans are within federal regulations
Institutional Review Board
IRB members
- One member not part of the institution
- on member with a science background
- one member without a science background
IRB responsibilities
- approving studies
- disproving studies
- requiring investigators to resubmit studies
Research that are eligible for exemption from some sections of Common Rule regulations because they use either publicly available information or their identities will not be known
exempt research
An intervention that is brief, harmless, painless, not invasive, no lasting impact and not embarrassing
benign behavioural intervention
When only one member and the chair can approve a study because it has minimal risk
expedited review
Assessment for the possible benefits that might out weight the risks of an experiment
risk/benefit ratio
The concept that a study has very little potential to do harm
minimal risk
Certain groups are more at risk like…
Elders, children, military, sick, newly diagnosed patients
The potential for pain, injury or discomfort
physical harm
the potential for negative emotions, threats to self-esteem, or distress
psychological harm
the potential for personal information to be disclosed
risk of social harm or loss of privacy
When a participant’s identity is unknown
anonymity
participants identities will not be released without their consent
confidentiality
Nothing in an experiment should be illegal of financially debilitating
risk of economic or legal harm
The principal the people must be told that they are participating in an experiment and what the experiment is doing
informed consent
Informed consent must include
summary of key information, purpose an nature of research, anticipated risks, anticipated benefits, alternative procedures or treatments, confidentially, compensation , future use of information, contact information, ability to discontinue at anytime
Institutional review board
a board in an organization that evaluates the ethics of an experiment
Why do we study animals
Animals age faster than humans, you can get more experimental control, somethings you can’t ethically do to a human
Why do we study animals
Animals age faster than humans, you can get more experimental control, somethings you can’t ethically do to a human
All sentient being have inherent value and moral standing. Hence, they cannot be used by humans for whatever they want to.
Inherent-rights perspective
All beings have a moral standing but some have a lower standing than others.
Utilitarian perspectives
Humans are obligated to treat animals humanely, but animals are not humans. Hence, animals do not have the same moral standing as animals.
pro-use perspectives
An act that regulates the use of warm-blooded vertebrates in scientific research
Animal welfare act
Institutional Animal care and use committee
a group that review animal research for compliance with the law
Three Rs of animal research
Reduction, Refinement and Replacement
Reducing the number of animals used
Reduction
Use the least amount of animals possible
refinement
use anything else but an animal
replacement
Factors in Scientific integrity
- No false or deceptive statements
- Report all data
- Do not falsify data
- Report methods
- Don’t plagiarize
Taking credit for someone else’s work or ideas
Plagirarism
