Chapter 7 Flashcards
Sexual Orientation
An enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual atrraction
Queer
An umbrella term for anyone who isn’t straight; rejects the gender binary either in attraction, identity, or both
What percentage of people identify as LGBT?
7.1% and has been increasing over the past 10 years
What are the trends with identity for LGBT for gender?
Women are more likely than men to identify as LGBT+
Women are more likely to idetitfy as bisexual than lesbian; men are more lukely to idenfity as gay than bisexual
Why are younger generations more likely to identify as LGBT?
20.8% of Gen Z
Politically, more liberal = more likely to identify as LGBT+
There is an increase in social acceptance that may increase freedom to report their sexual orientation and freedom to act on their sexual orientation that may lead to an increase in LGBT %
Part of the low numbers of LGBT in Gen X and Baby Boomer is partially due to the loss of gay and bisexual men and transwomen during the AIDS crisis that may help explain the lower numbers of older generations
How much does genetics play in sexual orientation?
Genetics account for 35% of variability in men, 19% in women
What are the differences in brain structure for sexual orientation?
The homosexual men’s hypothalamus was the same size of heterosexual women (smaller).
Gay men and straight women have a thicker corpus callsoum and different size of the hemispheres
Gay men and straight women’s hypothalamus activated to the smell of male sweat.
How do hormones affect sexual orientation?
Adult hormones: No consistent significant differences
Prenatal Hormone Theory:
If a fetus is exposed to low levels of androgens (testosterone) they are attracted to males
If a fetus is exposed to high levels of androgens (testosterone) they are attracted to females
What does labeling people do?
certain orientation leads to adoption of characteristics associated with that label and constriction of actions
Bem’s Exoctic Becomes Erotic
Attempts to combine biological and environmental/social influences
Biology contributes to a childhood temperament
Temperament affects gender typically in activities, playmates
Helps explain correlation between gender nonconformity in childhood and later in honosexual
After puberty exoctic is erotic
What has the lowest level of acceptance inn the world? What has the lowest level of acceptance in western countries? What has the highest level of acceptance inn the world?
World- Nigeria (7%)
Western Countries- United States
Highest in world: Spain (89%)
What is the trend for acceptance of sexual orientation?
-Overall acceptance was lower in countries where religion is central as well as in poorer countries. This pattern is for countries to an individual level.
-From 2013 to 2019, there was an increase in a acceptance almost everywhere
-The younger the people are, the more accepting they will be.
-Gender is not really a factor. However, when gender is a factor, women are more accepting.
More education = more acceptance
When did the US attitudes become more accepting?
Early 1990s
From 1970-1990, the rates of unacceptance went from 73% to 77% due to the AIDs crisis. Then in 1994 it dropped. Now in 2019, we have 73% say it should be accepted. But in 1994, people started coming out. A community was formed where people started caring for each other. It was harder to deny LGBT if they were your best friend, neighbor, etc.
Have rates of discrimination changed for LGBT?
Reported rates of discrimination by LGBT+ people (especially among Gen Z and BIPOC people) and hate crimes have increased & anti-LGBT legislation is on the rise in the USA (especially in the past few years)
57% of people related to being called a slur. 51% experienced some level of violence.
As of July 1 2022, a record of 162 anti-LGBTQ bills were introduced, 21 were enacted. The amount of laws introduced has kept increasing every year
What is homophobia correlated with?
Having little to no contact with homosexuals and bisexuals
Age and education (older, less education - more homophobia)
Conservative religious beliefs
There are many religions and denominations that are accepting
Traditional Attitudes about gender
Being less sexually permissive
Rigid/authoritarian personality traits
Conversion Therapy
Attempts to chnage a person’s sexual orientation from homosexual/bisexual to heterosexual
No reliable research to support effectiveness
Harmful: Increases risk of depression, anxiety, drug use, homelessness, suicide
Majority of professional organizations (APA) opposes it
20 states ban the use of it on minors
Monosexual
It is assumed that a person has a static sexual orientation that defines them throughout their entire lifespan
Marind Anim in New Guinea sexual orientation
Transgenerational
An adult male may have two concurrent sexual roles—one that is cross-gender (husband to his wife) and another that is same sex/gender (godfather to his male, “foster” son)
Batak of Indonesia sexual orientation
Intragenerational
Boys engage exclusively in same sex/gender behavior prior to marriage during adolescence and then switch to exclusively cross-sex/gender behavior after marriage.
Gender-conforming
Both partners have the same sex/gender and one partner expresses traits typically associated with a different sex/gender
Extramarital
A person maintains a heterosexual marriage and engages in SSGB in outside relationships—for example, in harems where women engage in SSGB in addition to sex with husbands
Contramarital
SSGB occurs when an individual is not expected (or refuses) to maintain a heterosexual marriage and instead enters into an informal or formal same sex/gender marriage.
Is the US Contra or Extramarital?
In the United States prior to the 1970s, most gay and lesbian SSGB was extramarital; however, today it is either contramarital or else part of a legally recognized marriage.
Fixed Role
Partners who assume permanent top/bottom (insertive/receptive) roles.The partner who assumes the top role has the “straight” status and the partner who assumes the bottom role has the non-heterosexual status
Fluid Sexual Role
Both partners engage in the full range of sexual behavior and one’s role during sex does not influence one’s status, as both partners are considered “gay.” This is usually the case among Euro-Americans and Europeans.
Who was the leader of the first gay rights organization and why was he important?
The first gay rights organization, the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, was founded in Berlin in 1897 and led by Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld was a gay Jewish doctor and sexologist who fought for 30 years to have German sodomy laws overturned. Ultimately, his fight was unsuccessful.
Stonewall Riots
In the early morning of June 28th, 1969, a riot erupted outside Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City’s Greenwich Village. The riot was in reaction to a police raid, an event frequently endured by gay bars in the 1960s and led to a series of violent demonstrations that came to be known as the Stonewall Riots. The Stonewall Riots led to gay rights organizations becoming more confrontational, a reflection of gays’ growing intolerance of the discrimination they constantly experienced.
What was a gay and lesbian organization in the 1950s?
Mattachine Society
When did the first gay rights march occur?
1970 and 1971
What occurred in 1973?
Homosexuality was finally deleted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), signaling an important step toward recognition and acceptance
Who is Harvey Milk?
In 1977, Harvey Milk was the first openly gay man to be elected to city government in the United States as city supervisor of San Francisco. During his short tenure (1977-1978), Milk successfully led the campaign to defeat Proposition 6, which would have made it illegal for gays and lesbians to be school teachers, and he played an integral role in passing San Francisco’s first gay rights ordinance. On November 27th, immediately following the defeat of Proposition 6, Milk, along with San Francisco Mayor George Moscone, was shot dead in his office by the anti-gay city supervisor, Dan White.
How many people died from AIDS?
Over 65000 (1980s)
How do male and female subcultures in the LGB community differ?
Males have subcultures like bears, BDSM, leather.
Females have social subcultures like music festivals and motorcycle gangs.
Lawrence et al. v. Texas (2002)
The Supreme Court makes it clear that state laws banning gay sex (primarily anal and oral sex) were unconstitutional. (The case overruled Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), which upheld the constitutionality of such laws.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
The Supreme Court legalized gay marriage.
What occurred in 2011?
Gays and lesbians can speak openly of their sexual orientation in the military. Previously, the Clinton administration put a policy in place whereby you could be gay in the military but you were not allowed to tell anyone and no one was allowed to ask. This ensured that people remained “closeted” while serving in the military. This policy was highly controversial.
What occurred in 2014?
20 states plus Washington, D.C., ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity or expression in employment, housing, and public accommodations. An additional three states provide partial statewide non-discrimination protections.
How did Trump’s 2019 decision reverse the affects of Obama’s 2016 decision?
In 2016, the Obama administration allowed transgender soldiers and military personal to serve openly and access medical care for gender-confirming surgeries. In 2019, however, the Trump administration reversed this decision and reinstated a return to the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy for all intents and purposes.
