Chapter 6

Question 1

Gender Identity

Answer 1

How someone defines their own gender internally

Question 2

Gender Expression

Answer 2

How someone outwardly communicates their gender identity

Question 3

Gender Roles

Answer 3

Culturally defined behaviors seen as appropriate for males or females or nonbinary

Question 4

What are some physiological differences of male and female?

Answer 4

Men have bigger body, bigger brain, etc. Men have higher mortality rates even via pregnancy. Men have higher diseases, accidental death, etc. Women have a lower pain tolerance and more variety in hormones.
Many differences which makes it important for health/medical research to always include women

Question 5

What are some behavioral differences of male and female?

Answer 5

Males are more physically aggressive
Men are not as emotionally expressive as women (react stronger, but keep it in)
Men report masturbating more and wanting more partners
Women are more sexually fluid than men

Question 6

How many people intersex?

Answer 6

1 in 100

Question 7

What are the Mulleran and Wolffian ducts?

Answer 7

The Müllerian ducts are the precursor to the female reproductive tract, and the Wolffian ducts are the precursor to the male reproductive tract.

Question 8

What does the male embryo secrete at 8-12 weeks?

Answer 8

anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) causing the Müllerian ducts to begin degenerating

Question 9

cryptorchidism

Answer 9

If a male infant has reached three months of age and his testicles have not descended, surgery may be required in order to fully descend them. This is correlated with slightly higher rates of testicular cancer and lower fertility later in life

Question 10

cloaca

Answer 10

the external genitalia of male and female embryos is the same and consists of an anogenital area with a slit (4 wks)

Question 11

genital swelling

Answer 11

precursor to outer labia and scrotum

Question 12

genital tubercule

Answer 12

precursor to clitoris and penis

Question 13

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 13

affects about 1 in 1,000 newborn infants. It is believed to occur when an ovum containing two or three X chromosomes is fertilized by a Y sperm and thus produces a person with the genotype XXY or XXXY.

these individuals usually have masculine-looking bodies and identify as men. They tend to have smaller penises and testicles, lower testosterone levels, sparse body hair, and higher rates of gynecomastia

Treatment: Testosteronen

Question 14

Turner syndrome

Answer 14

Affects about 1 in 2,000 - 2,500 newborn infants and is usually diagnosed at about age six or seven. It occurs when a person possesses one X chromosome and no Y chromosome, producing the genotype XO.

these individuals have an appearance typically categorized as female and identify as women. Though the symptoms may vary, the most common signs are short/webbed neck, lowered ears, low neck hairline, shortened height, and swollen hands or feet at birth.

Question 15

XYY syndrome

Answer 15

affects about 1 in 1,500 newborn infants and usually results when a typical X-containing ovum is fertilized by a sperm that has two Y chromosomes. Individuals with this syndrome typically experience genital irregularities and decreased fertility, often accompanied by slight cognitive disabilities and, in many cases, autism.

Question 16

Triple X syndrome

Answer 16

affects about 1 in 2,000 newborn infants and results when a typical X ovum is fertilized by a sperm that has an extra X chromosome, producing an embryo with an XXX genotype. Mild cognitive deficits may develop, and fertility is usually low, but many individuals with XXX go undiagnosed.

Question 17

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 17

It occurs when a child lacks an enzyme in the adrenal glands, and as a consequence, these glands release atypically large amounts of androgens in the latter part of fetal development. This may have no effect on an XY fetus, but in an XX fetus, it usually causes partial masculinization of the genitals, leading to an enlarged clitoris and to a partially fused labia and infertility.

Question 18

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Answer 18

Affects about one in 13,000 XY fetuses and occurs when the tissues in the XY fetus do not respond to testosterone. As a result, even though the fetus’ gonads produce testosterone, the Wolffian ducts do not respond to it and consequently do not develop into typical male genitalia. Since the testes still produce anti-Müllerian hormone, the Müllerian ducts do not develop into typical female genitalia. As a result, the child typically has a very shallow vaginal pouch, a clitoris, a non-cyclic hormone status, and testes that never descend but continue producing testosterone to which the body cannot respond.

Question 19

​5-Alpha reductase deficiency

Answer 19

Very common inn the Dominican Republic (raised as girls then transition to boys)

Born with female or ambiguous genitalia but develop of some secondary sex characteristics

Question 20

Cognitive development theory

Answer 20

suggests that children progress through somewhat predictable stages in terms of how they conceptualize gender and that these stages reflect the maturation of their brain and their resulting ability to formulate abstract thought.