Chapter 11

Question 1

What is the average menstrual cycle? What is the range?

Answer 1

Average Cycle: 28-30 Days
Range between 20-40 Days

Question 2

When does ovulation occur?

Answer 2

14 days before menstruation

Question 3

How many cycles do we have on average in our reproductive years?

Answer 3

300-450

Question 4

Ovary

Answer 4

Small almond shaped that contains follicles

Question 5

What is housed in each follicle?

Answer 5

One egg or ova

Question 6

How many eggs mature?

Answer 6

300-500

Question 7

Dysmenorrhea

Answer 7

Pain during menstruation

Question 8

Primary Dysmenorrhea

Answer 8

Usually cramps, typical pain

Question 9

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Answer 9

Caused by other problems, not typical pain

Question 10

What percent of people experience dysmenorrhea?

Answer 10

50-70%

Question 11

Pre-menstrual Syndrome

Answer 11

Variety of symptoms that occur between ovulation and menstruation

Question 12

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 12

Severe, debilitating symptoms (at least 5)
Symptoms must start with 7 days of period, go away a few days after period staters, happens during multiple cycles

Question 13

What percent of people have PMDD?

Answer 13

3-8%

Question 14

Where is sperm produced?

Answer 14

Testicles

Question 15

Why are the testicles outside the body?

Answer 15

Sperm production requires a lower temperature

Question 16

What muscle ensures sperm temperature is regulated?

Answer 16

Cremaster muscle moves testes closer or farther from body

Question 17

How often is sperm formed? How often is sperm count replenished?

Answer 17

Formed around every 72 days.
Replenished every 24 hours

Question 18

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 18

Microscopic tubes in testes where is sperm produced and stored

Question 19

Epididymis

Answer 19

Long tube that sits on top of testicle. Sperm continue maturation, for thick paste with other sperm.

Question 20

Vas Deferens

Answer 20

Tube carries sperm from testicles to ejaculatory ducts

Question 21

Cowper’s gland location

Answer 21

Two glands just beneath prostate gland

Question 22

How does the body prepare for ejaculation?

Answer 22

When arousal is high, fluid from the coppers gland (two glands just beneath prostate gland) lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidic urine

Question 23

What is pre ejaculatory fluid?

Answer 23

It is fluid from the cowpers gland (two glands just beneath prostate gland) lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidic urine. It may contain sperm. It can transmit STIs

Question 24

What and how do glands contribute and make up ejaculate?

Answer 24

1. Seminal Vesicles- Provides nutrition for sperm (70%)
2. Prostate Gland- Secretes fluid to neutralize acidic nature of vagina (30%)
3. Less than 1% Sperm

Question 25

What is the first stage of ejaculation?

Answer 25

Epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prose empty fluid into the urethral bulb. Bladder closes off

Question 26

What is the second stage of ejaculation?

Answer 26

Contractions squeeze urethral bulb and propels ejaculate out

Question 27

What are and describe the 5 stages of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 27

1. follicular phase (day 4-12)
   
   1. LH- Increase in estrogen to prepare body for pregnancy. Thickens the endometrium.
   2. FSH- Maturation of the ova
   3. The high estrogen levels cause the vagina’s “hostile” (i.e., acidic, dry, tacky) cervical mucus to give way to increasingly “friendly,” (i.e., alkaline, clear, slippery) mucus
2. ovulation (day 13-15)
   
   1. surge in the release of FSH and especially LH, causing one (usually) follicle to fully ripen and release an ovum to the fimbria and into the oviducts
   2. Cervical mucus changes to be hospitable to sperm by becoming alkaline, copious, watery, elastic, slippery, and akin to raw egg whites.
   3. At the same time, the cervix softens and rises within the vaginal canal, and the cervical os opens to allow for the potential transport of sperm.
   4. Finally, the corpus luteum forms from the evacuated follicle in the ovary.
3. luteal phase (lasts 14 days after ovulation)
   
   1. progesterone is released
   2. cervical mucus turns “hostile,” meaning that it becomes less stretchy and more dry and acidic.
   3. remaining follicles to shut down so that further ovulation is actively inhibited
   4. prohibits prostaglandins so the myometrium (the middle, muscular layer of the uterus) is prevented from contracting and shedding its inner layer.
   5. if fertilization occur, implantation of the fertilized ovum will occur a few days after ovulation, during the luteal phase.
4. premenstrual phase
   
   1. progesterone and estrogen levels to decline so prostaglandins begin causing the myometrium to contract, causing what is commonly experienced as menstrual cramping
5. destructive
   
   1. menstruation occurs