Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Sexuality > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is a planned pregnancy typically healthier?

A

There is a pre-screening for STIs and a knowledge of previous illnesses that may affect the child’s development. Also, the partner needs to remain healthy because they are a constant exposure of infection. Further, if pregnancies are planned parents can get prenatal care and education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some elements that could affect an ova and sperm?

A

Sperm take 9-10 weeks to develop so avoid toxic substances like alcohol, drugs, radiation and steroids.
Get to an optimal weight
Remove plaque on teeth
Unsure about COVID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can you increase your chances of having a baby?

A

-Relax and enjoy it. If you are stressed during the conception, you will have a bunch of stress hormones that will lower your chances.
-Pay attention to ovulation cycle.
-Have partner coital ejaculate every 24 hours during 48 hour period around ovulation
-Avoid lubrications or douches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you know you are pregnant?

A

-Missed period/long cycle
-Nausea/fatigue
-Breast tender
-Uterine cramping
-Pregnancy test
-Pelvic exam
-Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A

Measure human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the hormone that is secreted as the embryo implants in the uterus after 8-9 days after ovulation.
Home tests are inaccurate if taken too soon or after the 12th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Hegar’s signs?

A

Softening of the uterus and changes in the color of the cervix, vagina, and labia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

The implantation of the conceptus in the oviducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs during ovulation? How does ejaculate change during this?

A

The cervix softens, opens slightly, and cervical mucus becomes thinner, stretchier, and more alkaline. The ejaculate becomes thicker due to proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How long are ovum and sperm available for fertilization?

A

Ovum (the egg) lives up to 24 hours, sperm up to 5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many people having PIV sex will get pregnant with no contraception?

A

85 in 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does fertilization occur?

A

The egg is released near the fallopian tube during ovulation and then swept into the tube by fimbriae
Typically happens as the egg travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus
When sperm reaches the ovum, the ovum secretes a chemical that allows sperm to fertilize it
The outer layer of the ovum changes and no other sperm can enter
It takes about 24 hours to be completed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long is a typical pregnancy? How long are each trimester?

A

Pregnancy is divided into trimesters, each stage 12 - 15 weeks long
A typical pregnancy is 38 - 42 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is the first trimester? What happens in the first trimester?

A

1st day of last menstrual period (LMP) - 13 weeks
Because pregnancy is dated from LMP, many don’t know they’re pregnant until they are 5 - 6 weeks

Morning sickness
Fatigue
Chances of miscarriage are highest
A fetal heartbeat can be heard by the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Morning Sickness (aka NVP – nausea and vomiting during pregnancy)

A

50 - 80% of pregnant people
Caused by increases in hormones
High levels of morning sickness correlated with reduced miscarriages, female fetus, and lower breast cancer risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is the second trimester? What happens in the second trimester?

A

14 - 28 weeks

For many, the most pleasant part
Nausea and fatigue decrease
16 weeks fetal movement felt
Most will have an ultrasound
Increase sex drive for many (Higher sexual satisfaction during this trimester)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When can you tell the sex of the baby?

A

You can usually see genitals on ultrasound at 18 - 22 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When is the third trimester? What happens in the third trimester?

A

29 weeks - birth, around 40 weeks

Energy decreases
Many physical complaints (Exercise, good nutrition, and adequate rest can help )
May experience Braxton-Hicks contractions
Nipples may secrete colostrum (the first fluid the breast produce and the first thing baby will drink)
May feel anxious about birth, irritable, restless
Engagement: fetus moves into the head-down position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?

A

uterus contracts momentarily, preparing the body for actual labor
Compared to labor: not as painful, long-lasting, close together, or regularly spaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is a baby considered premature?

A

Before 37 weeks

20
Q

When is the best outcome for a baby?

A

39-41 weeks

21
Q

What percent of babies are born on due date?

A

4%

22
Q

How does natural labor begin?

A

Fetal adrenal glands release hormones to cause lung maturation
It also causes the pregnant person’s pituitary gland to release oxytocin
Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, pushing the fetus’s head into the cervix, which then causes more oxytocin to be released (positive feedback loop)

23
Q

What is induced labor?

A

Using techniques to artificially start labor
Variety of techniques:
Medications that mimic hormones, cause contractions
Sweep the membranes, break the amniotic sac

24
Q

What are the three stages of the birth process?

A
  1. Regular contractions until the cervix is fully dilated to 10cm
  2. Delivery
  3. Placenta delivery
25
Q

Describe the third stage of birth process

A

Placenta delivery:
The placenta no longer needed, detaches from the uterine wall, and follows the baby out of the vagina
Contractions continue to help expel the placenta
Usually not painful
Medical staff check the placenta to be sure it’s intact, healthy

26
Q

Describe the second stage of birth process

A

Delivery:
Usually, beings when the cervix is fully dilated
Feel an overwhelming urge to push the baby out
Pushing begins
Contractions less intense
Crowning: the emergence of the baby’s head at the opening of the vagina
Length of stage: average 30 - 90 min
The stage ends when the baby passes through the cervix and out of the vagina

27
Q

When is an episiotomy preformed?

A

Cut perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening
Used to be routine, now only 12% get one in the US
Mild tearing is common, but severe tearing is rare

28
Q

What is an epidural? What percent gets one? What are the side effects?

A

Small tube is placed in the back and local anesthetic is supplied through the tube, numbs from the belly button to the knees. Reduces pain, but can still usually feel pressure which helps with pushing during 2nd stage.

60-70% gets one

Side effects: itching, chills/shivering, nausea, decrease in blood pressure, unable to move legs. Fetus may have a lower BP and affected breastfeeding and respiration rate.

29
Q

What is the side effects of a c-section for a fetus?

A

higher rates of respiratory problems, lower APGAR (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) scores, difficulty breastfeeding, lack of contact with beneficial bacteria

30
Q

What is the side effects of a c-section for a parent?

A

Major abdominal surgery so increased risk of infection, hemorrhaging, blood clots
Recovery is more intense and takes longer (6 - 8 weeks)
Increases risks for future pregnancies, but many are able to have healthy pregnancies after and even have a VBAC

31
Q

What is the rate in America for a c-section? What is recommended by WHO?

A

1/3
WHO recommends 15%

32
Q

What is a c-section?

A

Incision made through the abdominal wall and into the uterus
The baby and placenta were removed through the opening
The full operation lasts 20 - 90 minutes
Most people awake, numb from the waist down from epidural
Used for many reasons, usually medically indicated but sometimes “elective”

33
Q

Early Labor (1st stage of labor)

A

Dilate from 0 to 3 cm
Short, far apart, mild to moderate contractions
The longest part of the labor
Mildly uncomfortable
May see a thick, blood-tinged, mucus known as “bloody show”
The amniotic sac may rupture

34
Q

Active Labor (1st stage of labor)

A

Dilate from 4 to 8 cm
Longer, moderate to intense contractions getting closer together
Usually lasts between 3 - 8 hours

35
Q

Transition Labor (1st stage of labor)

A

Dilate from 8 to 10 cm
Longest contractions at peak intensity, very painful, very close together
The shortest part of 1st stage: 30 min - 1 hour

36
Q

Describe the first stage of labor

A

Regular contractions until the cervix is fully dilated to 10cm
The cervix begins:
Dilation: expansion of opening
Effacement: thinning out
Contractions occur regularly, slowly build in intensity, duration and get closer together
Longest stage
8 - 14 hours, longer for the first birth
Contractions are stronger, and labor shorter when women are upright, moving around

37
Q

When can you have sex after birth?

A

Can have vaginal intercourse around 2 - 4 weeks after normal delivery
May take longer if c-section, episiotomy, major tearing
May have less desire, slower excitement, and less lubrication for the first few months
But many are back to pre-pregnancy levels after 3 months

38
Q

How long does it take for the uterus to return to normal?

A

Takes about 6 weeks for the uterus to return to normal, but typically less time if breastfeeding

39
Q

How long do you have vaginal discharge after birth?

A

10 days — 3 or 4 weeks

40
Q

Baby Blues

A

A period of strong negative emotions in the first days/weeks after birth
70 - 90% of people experience this (mixed in with positive emotions)

41
Q

What percent of baby blues turn into Postpartum Depression?

A

10-20%

Partners may also develop depression and rarely parent may experience Postpartum Psychosis

42
Q

When do babies begin breast feeding?

A

Most babies will start within 1 hour of birth

43
Q

What do most babies consume in the first few days of breast feeding?

A

Colostrum
Yellow-thick, easy to digest
Very nutritious and contains protective antibodies

44
Q

When does regular milk start flowing?

A

3-4 days

45
Q

What is recommended length of time for breast feeding?
What are actual rates?

A

Breastfeeding is recommended for a minimum of a year, and a maximum of two years
US: 83% start, 56% at 6 months, 36% at 1 year

Human Sexuality (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions