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Intro to Nutrition > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Protein

A

large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids (contains Nitrogen)

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2
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein makes these immune molecules that tag invading organisms for destruction by the immune system

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3
Q

Major Functions of Protein

A
  • build new cells
  • component of hardened structures (hair and nails)
  • enzymes
  • lubricants
  • clotting components
  • antibodies
  • compounds that maintain pH and fluid
  • transporters
  • energy source
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4
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in tissues; swelling

results from starvation

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5
Q

hair protein

A

collagen

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6
Q

nail protein

A

keratin

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7
Q

blood protein that controls fluid

A

albumin

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8
Q

pH of functioning blood and tissue fluids

A

7.35 to 7.45

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9
Q

amino acids

A

nitrogen-containing chemical units that constitute proteins

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10
Q

amino

A

portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen

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11
Q

R group (side chain)

A

part of an amino acid that determines its physical and chemical properties

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12
Q

components of an amino acid

A

amino
R group
carboxylic acid

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13
Q

essential amino acids

& how many

A

amino acids the body cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs (9/20)

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14
Q

nonessential amino acids

& how many

A

group of amino acids that the body can make (11/20)

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15
Q

conditionally essential

A

amino acids that are normally nonessential but become essential under certain conditions

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16
Q

precursors and derivatives of amino acids

A

precursor (amino acid used) used to make non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds

  • trytophan makes serotonin
  • tyrosine makes eoineohrine
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17
Q

DNA

A

hereditary material that provides instructions for making proteins

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18
Q

gene

A

portion of DNA that codes for a protein

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19
Q

chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

A

peptide bond

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20
Q

polypeptides

A

proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids

-most naturally occurring proteins

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21
Q

how are proteins made?

A

cells assemble 20 amino acids in specific sequence according to info from DNA

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22
Q

primary structure protein

A

basic structure of protein; a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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23
Q

secondary structure protein

A

coiling of a polypeptide chain

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24
Q

tertiary structure protien

A

three-dimensional, twisted structure of a polypeptide chain that includes interactions between various amino acid groups in the chain

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25
Q

quaternary structure protein

A

structure of protein that is comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a complex manner
-example: hemoglobin

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26
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

inherited form of anemia, abnormal blood cells that cant carry oxygen as well.

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27
Q

denaturation

A

altering a protein’s natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation

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28
Q

high-quality protein

A

dietary proteins that are complete and well-digested, absorbed, and used by the body

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29
Q

complete protein

A

dietary proteins that contain an adequate proportion of each of the nine essential amino acids

30
Q

low-quality proteins

A

dietary proteins that are incomplete and have lower digestibility and bioavailability

31
Q

imcomplete proteins

A

dietary proteins that contain inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids

32
Q

limiting amino acid

A

essential amino acid found in the lowest concentration in an incomplete protein

33
Q

most plant sources are not complete proteins. WHat are the exceptions?

A

Quinoa and soy protein

34
Q

Where does protein digestion start?

A

stomach

35
Q

Steps in Protein Digestion

A

HCl denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen to active pepsin, which initiates enzymatic digestion of proteins into smaller polypeptides.

36
Q

how does the pancreas aid in protein digestion?

A

secretes trypsin and chymotrypsin to break down the polypeptides that enter the small intestine

37
Q

What happens after digesting of proteins?

A

short peptides and amino acids are transported to absorptive cells, the peptides are broken into amino acids, which move into the capillary of the villus.

travel to liver then rest of body

38
Q

protein turnover

A

cellular process of breaking down proteins and recycling their amino acids

39
Q

amino acids that are not incorporated into proteins become part of s small amino acid pool, which serves as a _______?

A

an endogenous (internal) source of nitrogen.

40
Q

the human body gets how much of its amino acids from endogenous and exogenous sources.

A

2/3 from endogenous

1/3 from exogenous (diet)

41
Q

Deamination

A

removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid

42
Q

what the result of deamination

A

the amino acid becomes a carbon skeleton

43
Q

Transamination

A

transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid

44
Q

creatinine

A

nitrogen-containing waste produced by muscles

45
Q

where do extra amino acids go if you eat too much protein?

A

undergo deamination, NH2 is transported to liver as glutamate, forming ammonia.

liver converts ammonia to urea.

46
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

measure of the concentration of urea in blood ( blood test that assesses kidney function)

47
Q

Normal values fro BUN

A

6 to 20 mg/dl

48
Q

urine urea nitrogen (UUN)

A

measure of the concentration of urea in urine

  • normal values 12 to 20 g in 24 hrs
  • measures protein intake
49
Q

nitrogen balance (equilibrium)

A

balancing nitrogen intake with nitrogen losses

50
Q

ntrogen lose comes from?

A

urinary elimination
nail and hair grow
shed the out layer of cells in intestinal tract

51
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses

  • periods of rapid growth
  • recovering from injury or illness
  • weight resistance training
52
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

state in which the body loses more nitrogen than it retains

  • starvation
  • serious illness
  • severe injury
53
Q

protein complementation

A

combining certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids

54
Q

protein values for average human

A

0.8 g/kg body weight

10 to 35% of calories protein

55
Q

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

A

malnutrition that occurs when the diet lacks sufficient protein and energy

56
Q

kwashiorkor

A

form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality, complete protein

57
Q

marasmic kwashiorkor

A

form of undernutrition that results in a child with kwashiorkor who then starts to not consume enough energy; characterized by edema and wasting

58
Q

marasmus

A

form of undernutrition that results from starvation; diet lacks energy and nutrients

59
Q

anaphylaxis

A

serious, life-threatening allergic reaction to food, an insect bite, a drug, or another substance such as latex

60
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

an extreme drop in blood pressure

61
Q

celiac disease

A

autoimmune disorder in which antibodies made against gluten react with intestinal villi; results in damage to the small intestine and poor absorption of nutrients

62
Q

gluten

A

protein found in many grain-based food products

63
Q

food provocation test (FPT)

A

clinical elimination-challenge test used to diagnose food intolerances

64
Q

food intolerances

A

conditions characterized by unpleasant physical reactions following consumption of certain foods

65
Q

FODMAPs

A

types of carbohydrates that are difficult for some people to digest and absorb
-have reduced ability to absorb the frictose from bacterially digested fructan. results in bloating, gas, diarrhea.

66
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine, resulting in accumulation of phenylalanine
-all infants get tested from blood at birth

67
Q

nutritional genomics

A

study of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics

68
Q

nutrigenomics

A

study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person’s genome

69
Q

nutrigenetics

A

study of how inherited genetic variations influence the body’s responses to specific nutrients and nutrient combinations.

70
Q

inborn errors of metabolism

A

conditions that occur when genes undergo mutations that disrupt metabolism of specific nutrients (pku)

Intro to Nutrition (14 decks)

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