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Intro to Nutrition > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system

A

body system that breaks down food into its components, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates the waste

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2
Q

digestion

A

process of breaking down large food molecules into nutrients that the body can absorb

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3
Q

absorption

A

process of nutrient uptake from the gastrointestinal tract for transport through the circulatory or lymphatic system

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4
Q

digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)

A

primary organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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5
Q

accessory components

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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6
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer of the digestive tract wall

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7
Q

lumen

A

hollow space within the intestine through which food and fluids can flow

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8
Q

mucus

A

watery, slippery fluid that protects the intestinal lining and eases the flow of materials

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9
Q

sphincters

A

thickened regions of circular muscle that control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract

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10
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food as it passes through the intestinal tract

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11
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of large nutrient molecules in food into smaller components, primarily by the action of enzymes

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12
Q

enzyme

A

protein that allows chemical reactions to occur at a rapid rate

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13
Q

pharynx

A

section of the alimentary canal that connects the nasal cavity with the top of the esophagus

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14
Q

bolus

A

mass of food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva and mucus

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15
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme in saliva that can destroy some bacteria that are in food or the mouth

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16
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that begins starch digestion

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17
Q

lingual lipase

A

enzyme secreted into saliva that begins fat digestion

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18
Q

anosmia

A

complete inability to detect odors

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19
Q

hypogeusia

A

diminished ability to taste

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20
Q

ageusia

A

total loss of the ability to taste

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21
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tough tissue that prevents the food from entering the larynx and trachea

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22
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of muscular contractions that help move material through the intestine

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23
Q

upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

A

circular muscle at the back of the throat that opens to allow a mass of food to enter the esophagus

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24
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

circular muscle of the lower part of the esophagus that controls flow of material into the upper part of the stomach; also known as the gastroesophageal sphincter

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25
Q

gastric juice

A

watery solution of stomach secretions that includes mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and digestive enzymes

26
Q

intrinsic factor

A

substance necessary for absorbing vitamin B-12

27
Q

gastrin

A

hormone that stimulates stomach motility and gastric gland secretions

28
Q

chyme

A

semiliquid mass that forms when food mixes with gastric juice

29
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

circular muscle that regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine

30
Q

alkaline

A

solutions with pH values higher than 7 (basic)

31
Q

pepsin

A

active enzyme that begins the enzymatic digestion of proteins

32
Q

dumping syndrome

A

disorder that occurs when a large amount of chyme flows too rapidly into the small intestine

33
Q

small intestine parts in order

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
34
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

circular muscle at the end of the ileum that controls the rate of emptying undigested material into the large intestine

35
Q

bile

A

fluid that is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder until it is needed for fat digestion and absorption

36
Q

secretin

A

hormone secreted by the duodenum and first part of the jejunum that stimulates the pancreas and liver to release a bicarbonate-rich solution into the small intestine

37
Q

villi

A

tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestinal mucosa that are involved in digestion and nutrient absorption

38
Q

enterocytes

A

absorptive cells that form the outer layer of a villus

39
Q

microvilli

A

tiny, hairlike projections that form the brush border of an enterocyte

40
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

vein that transports absorbed nutrients to the liver

41
Q

bioavailability

A

amount of a nutrient that can be effectively digested, absorbed, and used by the body

42
Q

rectum

A

last section of the large intestine

43
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

circular muscle that allows feces to be moved from the sigmoid colon into the rectum and is under involuntary control

44
Q

defecation

A

expulsion of fecal material from the body

45
Q

external anal sphincter

A

sphincter that allows feces to be expelled from the anus and is under voluntary control

46
Q

gut microbiota

A

populations of microorganisms that reside in the large intestine

47
Q

dysbiosis

A

an imbalance in beneficial and detrimental gut microbial populations that promotes disease states

48
Q

probiotics

A

live microbes that promote good health for their human hosts; products that contain beneficial microbes

49
Q

prebiotics

A

substances in foods that promote the growth of beneficial microbes

50
Q

fermented foods

A

foods made through controlled activity of live microbes to change their chemical composition

51
Q

fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)

A

introduction of fecal material from one person into another person’s large intestine

52
Q

gastroesophageal reflux (GER)

A

burning sensation generally felt in the back of the throat and upper chest that results from the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus

53
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

chronic condition characterized by frequent heartburn that can damage the esophagus

54
Q

constipation

A

infrequent bowel movements and feces that are difficult to eliminate

55
Q

hemorrhoids

A

clusters of small veins in the anal canal

56
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent bowel movements with loose or watery stools

57
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

condition that is characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract

58
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

type of IBD that causes inflammation and abscesses to form in the superficial mucosa of the small and large intestine

59
Q

ulcerative colitis (UC)

A

type of IBD that causes deep ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum

60
Q

diverticulosis

A

condition characterized by the presence of diverticula

Intro to Nutrition (14 decks)

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