Chapter 17 Flashcards
Infancy
birth to 12 month
newborn
first four weeks of life
the first stool passed by the newborn
meconium
average infants double their weight by
4 to 6 months
by end of one year infants ____ their weight and increase in length ___ percent
tripple
50%
healthcare providers can estimate brain growth of infants by _____
monitoring changes in head circumference
During the first three months, infants need about _____ kcal/kg body weight daily
108
the AI for protein for first 6 months is ____ g/kg body weight. The reduces to ____.
- 52
1. 2
breast milk and formula both have ____ % calories from fat
55%
Breast milk natural provides these fatty acids and they are added to formulas
arachidonic acid (AA)
docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)
main carbohydrate
lactose
why cant babies have cereals or starchy foods before 4 months
lack enzyme amylase
compared to formula fed, breastfed infants have
lower risk of infections
lower risk of SIDS
lower risk of asthma, allergies, obesity, leukemia, and type 1 diabetes
formula vs breastmilk with protein
formula has more protein bc reduced digestibility
classes of infant formula
cow’s milk-based
soy based
specialized formulas
class of infant formula containing predigested protein that has been hydfrolyzed to polypeptides and free amino acids
hypoallergenic formulas
alternatrive to soy based formulas for allergic infants
hypoallergenic formulas
infant formula containing protein that has been completely to free amino acids
amino acid formulas
formulas for allergic infants who refuse the poor taste of hydrolyzed formulas
amino acid formulas
first foods fed to infants during weaning
complementary foods
when should complementary foods be introduced
4 to 6 months
gradual process of shifting from a liquid to a solid food diet in infants
weaning
what following signs indicate that an infant is ready for complementary foods
- can sit with some back support
- lost extrusion reflex
- can hold head up
- shows interest in food
- open mouth when see food
iron needs increase from ___ during first 6 months to ___ from 6 to 12 months.
0.3 mg/day
11 mg/day
best food for iron for infants
infant cereal
assumin average intake of breastmilk, solid food should provide an additional
200 for 6 to 8 months
300 for 8 to 11 months
500 for 12 to 23 months
how to add foods to test allergies
add one food for a 3 to 5 day period
babies should not be given fruit juice until
12 months of age
avoid added sugar until infants are
2 yrs old
foods to avoid during infancy
- honey
- cow or goat milk
- nonfat foods
- processed foods
- small, har, or course foods
why not honey?
conatains clostridium botulinum
toddler
1 to 3 years
preschool age
3 to 5 years
from 1 to 2 years…
child gains ___ lbs
increses ___ in length
4 to 5 lbs
2.5 to 3 inches
___ year olds have a full set of teeth
2 yr old
by age ___ most children can use fork and spoon
3
what stage can they make decision
toddler (autonomy)
calories depong on
body size
gender
physical activity
EER
89 * kg of weight - 80
RDA for protein for toddlers and preschool age
13 g/day toddlers
19 for preschool
AI for fiber for toddler and preschoolers
19 g/day
25 g/day
fat for toddler and presschool
20 to 40% fat
toddler and preschool concerns in diet
low in potassium, fiber, vit E and D, fruit, veggies, whole grains
high in sodium and sugar
federal program that provides funds to state governments so that they can help specific populations obtain certain supplemental foods, basic healthcare services, and nutrition education
special supplemental nutrition assistance program for women, infants, and children
WIC
periods in which young child refuses to eat a food they liked in the past or will only eat certain foods
food jags
school age children
6 to 11 years
school age children..
___ lbs per year
____ inches per year
5 pounds
2 to 3 inches
period of life that begins at puberty end at adulthood
adolescence
adolescent ages
12 to 19
second most rapid period of growth
adolescence
period of rapid increase in growth
growth spurt
during growth spurt
female ___
male___
ovaries secreate estrogen
testes secrete testosterone
hormones increase bone growth
a person reaches their adult height when ____
epiphyseal plates close
underweight bmi
under 18.5
adolescence
saturated fat intake ____
fiber intake _____
12% fat
- 7 g/day fiber males
- 5 g/day fiber females
new cell synthesis
folate
vitamin B12
collagen formation
vitamin C
Protein metabolism
vitamin B6
bone development
Vitamin A, D, K
RDA for iron increases to ____from 14 to 18 years for females bc of bleeding
15 mg/day
____ % of children between 2 and 19 have obesity
19 %
___ % between ages 16 and 19 have obesity
42 percent
BMI percentile for underweight normal weight overweight obese
under 5th
5th to 85th
85th to 95th
more than 95th
factors that make children obese
- family history of obesity
- obesity during pregnancy
- maternal undernutrition
- tabacco exposure
- diabetes during pregnancy
how to prevent childhood obesity
breastfeed for 6 months and continue while adding foods
encourange consumption of prebiotic and probiotic foods
obesity treatment
low carb diets low glycemic index low fat diets high protein diets intermittent fasting bariatric surgery
