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Intro to Nutrition > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

lipids

A

class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water

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2
Q

three types of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

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3
Q

Major functions of lipids in the body

A
  • absorb fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals
  • cushion the body
  • cell membranes
  • cell signaling
  • insulate
  • produce steriod hormones
  • provide and store energy (triglyclerides)
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4
Q

fatty acid

A

hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group

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5
Q

omega (methyl) end

A

end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (—CH3) group

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6
Q

omega (methyl) end

A

end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (—CH3) group

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7
Q

carboxylic acid

A

organic molecule with a carboxyl (—COOH) group

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8
Q

short-chain vs. medium-chain vs. long-chain fatty acids

A

short 2-4
medium 6-12
long 14-24

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9
Q

saturated fatty acid (SFA)

A

fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms

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10
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain

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11
Q

monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

A

fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chains

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12
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

A

fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain

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13
Q

omega-3 fatty acid

A

type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule

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14
Q

omega-6 fatty acid

A

type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule

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15
Q

essential fatty acids

A

fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids

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16
Q

arachidonic acid (AA)

A

essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids

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17
Q

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

A

essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids

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18
Q

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

A

essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids

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19
Q

eicosanoids

A

group of long-chain fatty acids with hormonelike functions

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20
Q

prostaglandins

A

class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body

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21
Q

trans fats

A

unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond

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22
Q

partial hydrogenation

A

food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats

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23
Q

triglyceride

A

lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

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24
Q

monoglyceride

A

lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

25
Q

diglyceride

A

lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

26
Q

phospholipid

A

type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus

27
Q

hydrophilic

A

part of a molecule that attracts water

28
Q

hydrophobic

A

part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids

29
Q

emulsifier

A

substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other

30
Q

choline

A

water-soluble, vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin

31
Q

cholesterol

A

lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D

32
Q

sterols

A

type of lipid that has a more complex chemical structure than triglycerides and phospholipids

33
Q

plant sterols/stanols

A

chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol

34
Q

lipases

A

enzymes that break down lipids

35
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

36
Q

bile salts

A

component of bile; aid in lipid digestion

37
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

digests triglycerides by removing two fatty acids, which breaks them down to monoglycerides or glycerol and fatty acids

38
Q

chylomicron

A

type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract

39
Q

lipoproteins

A

water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream

40
Q

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

A

enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides

41
Q

very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

A

lipoprotein made in the liver; carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream

42
Q

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated LDL is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease

43
Q

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low HDL is linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease

44
Q

enterohepatic circulation

A

process that recycles bile salts in the body

45
Q

gallstones

A

hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

46
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder

47
Q

Gaucher disease

A

most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism

48
Q

how much fat does the AMDR recomend daily

A

20-35 % of calories

49
Q

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels

50
Q

atherosclerosis

A

long-term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls

51
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility

52
Q

thrombus

A

fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow

53
Q

heart attack medical term

A

myocardial infarction

54
Q

stroke

A

clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die

55
Q

embolus

A

thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream

56
Q

hypertension

A

abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed

57
Q

CVD nonmodifiable risks

A

genetics
age
male sex
race/ethnic background

58
Q

oxidized LDL

A

LDL that has been damaged by free radicals

Intro to Nutrition (14 decks)

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