Chapter 6 Flashcards
lipids
class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water
three types of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Major functions of lipids in the body
- absorb fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals
- cushion the body
- cell membranes
- cell signaling
- insulate
- produce steriod hormones
- provide and store energy (triglyclerides)
fatty acid
hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
omega (methyl) end
end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (—CH3) group
omega (methyl) end
end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (—CH3) group
carboxylic acid
organic molecule with a carboxyl (—COOH) group
short-chain vs. medium-chain vs. long-chain fatty acids
short 2-4
medium 6-12
long 14-24
saturated fatty acid (SFA)
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chains
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
omega-3 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule
omega-6 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule
essential fatty acids
fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids
arachidonic acid (AA)
essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids
eicosanoids
group of long-chain fatty acids with hormonelike functions
prostaglandins
class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body
trans fats
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond
partial hydrogenation
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats
triglyceride
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
monoglyceride
lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
diglyceride
lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
phospholipid
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
hydrophilic
part of a molecule that attracts water
hydrophobic
part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
emulsifier
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
choline
water-soluble, vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin
cholesterol
lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
sterols
type of lipid that has a more complex chemical structure than triglycerides and phospholipids
plant sterols/stanols
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol
lipases
enzymes that break down lipids
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
bile salts
component of bile; aid in lipid digestion
pancreatic lipase
digests triglycerides by removing two fatty acids, which breaks them down to monoglycerides or glycerol and fatty acids
chylomicron
type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract
lipoproteins
water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
lipoprotein made in the liver; carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated LDL is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low HDL is linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease
enterohepatic circulation
process that recycles bile salts in the body
gallstones
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
cholecystectomy
surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
Gaucher disease
most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism
how much fat does the AMDR recomend daily
20-35 % of calories
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls
arteriosclerosis
condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
thrombus
fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow
heart attack medical term
myocardial infarction
stroke
clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
embolus
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed
CVD nonmodifiable risks
genetics
age
male sex
race/ethnic background
oxidized LDL
LDL that has been damaged by free radicals
