Chapter 2 Flashcards
experiment
systematic way of testing a hypothesis
experimental (treatment)
group
in a controlled study, group that receives a treatment
control group
in a controlled study, group that does not receive a treatment
variable
factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study
confounding variables
factors that are not being studied but may affect a research outcome
in vivo
describes experiments that use living animals
epidemiology
study of the occurrence, distribution, and factors that contribute to health problems in populations
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
survey that uses interviews and physical examinations to assesses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States
case-control study
study in which individuals with a health condition (cases) are matched to persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition
cohort study
study in which researchers collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time
retrospective cohort study
study in which researchers collect information about a group’s past exposures and identify current health outcomes
prospective cohort study
study in which a group of initially healthy people is followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded
causation
when an event or exposure directly results in an effect
randomized controlled trial (RCT)
a study type in which human subjects are divided into groups to receive one of several clinical interventions
pragmatic trials
clinical trials that measure the relative effectiveness of treatment strategies in real-world conditions
“our product helps you lose weight without exercising or dieting”
promise of quick and easy remedies
“our all-natural product blocks fat and calories from bein absorbed, so you can eat anything you want and still lose weight”
claims that sound too good to be true
“Dairy products cause cancer”
scare tacticts
“Medical research don’t want you to know the facts”
attacks on conventional scientists and nutrition experts
“I lost 50 pounds in 30 days using this product”
testimonial
“all-natural supplement boosts your metabolism naturally, so it won’t harm your body”
promotion of benefits while overlooking risks
“our all-natural, scientifically tested, patented, chelated dietary supplement detoxifies your liver fast”
vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding terms
“clinical research performed at major university proves this revolutionary new dietary supplement cures diabetes”
vague sources
“try a 30-day juice cleanse to detoxify your liver”
pseudoscience
“lose 30 pounds in 30 days”
“results not typical”
disclaimers
Pseudoscience
presentation of misleading or false information as factual and scientific
