Chapter 2

Question 1

experiment

Answer 1

systematic way of testing a hypothesis

Question 2

experimental (treatment)

Answer 2

group

in a controlled study, group that receives a treatment

Question 3

control group

Answer 3

in a controlled study, group that does not receive a treatment

Question 4

variable

Answer 4

factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study

Question 5

confounding variables

Answer 5

factors that are not being studied but may affect a research outcome

Question 6

in vivo

Answer 6

describes experiments that use living animals

Question 7

epidemiology

Answer 7

study of the occurrence, distribution, and factors that contribute to health problems in populations

Question 8

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Answer 8

survey that uses interviews and physical examinations to assesses the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States

Question 9

case-control study

Answer 9

study in which individuals with a health condition (cases) are matched to persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition

Question 10

cohort study

Answer 10

study in which researchers collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time

Question 11

retrospective cohort study

Answer 11

study in which researchers collect information about a group’s past exposures and identify current health outcomes

Question 12

prospective cohort study

Answer 12

study in which a group of initially healthy people is followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded

Question 13

causation

Answer 13

when an event or exposure directly results in an effect

Question 14

randomized controlled trial (RCT)

Answer 14

a study type in which human subjects are divided into groups to receive one of several clinical interventions

Question 15

pragmatic trials

Answer 15

clinical trials that measure the relative effectiveness of treatment strategies in real-world conditions

Question 16

“our product helps you lose weight without exercising or dieting”

Answer 16

promise of quick and easy remedies

Question 17

“our all-natural product blocks fat and calories from bein absorbed, so you can eat anything you want and still lose weight”

Answer 17

claims that sound too good to be true

Question 18

“Dairy products cause cancer”

Answer 18

scare tacticts

Question 19

“Medical research don’t want you to know the facts”

Answer 19

attacks on conventional scientists and nutrition experts

Question 20

“I lost 50 pounds in 30 days using this product”

Answer 20

testimonial

Question 21

“all-natural supplement boosts your metabolism naturally, so it won’t harm your body”

Answer 21

promotion of benefits while overlooking risks

Question 22

“our all-natural, scientifically tested, patented, chelated dietary supplement detoxifies your liver fast”

Answer 22

vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding terms

Question 23

“clinical research performed at major university proves this revolutionary new dietary supplement cures diabetes”

Answer 23

vague sources

Question 24

“try a 30-day juice cleanse to detoxify your liver”

Answer 24

pseudoscience

Question 25

“lose 30 pounds in 30 days”

“results not typical”

Answer 25

disclaimers

Question 26

Pseudoscience

Answer 26

presentation of misleading or false information as factual and scientific