Chapter 6.3 Threats to External Validity

Question 1

selection bias

Answer 1

Generalizing across participants or subjects: the sampling procedure favors the selection of some individuals over others.

Question 2

Collage students

Answer 2

Generalizing across participants or subjects: less formulated sense of self, a stronger tendency to comply with authority, less stable peer relationships, higher intelligence than non collage educated adults.

Question 3

Volunteer bias

Answer 3

Generalizing across participants or subjects: volunteers are not perfectly representative of the general population

Question 4

Participant Characteristics

Answer 4

Generalizing across participants or subjects: whenever a study uses participants who share similar characteristics.

Question 5

cross-species generalizations

Answer 5

Generalizing across participants or subjects: non humans to humans. we should note the differences and similarities for the perspective of specific behavior that we are examining.

Question 6

Novelty effect

Answer 6

Generalizing across features of a study: individuals may perceive and respond differently than they would in the normal, real world.
because of research study is exciting or anxious provoking for must individuals.

Question 7

Multiple treatment interference

Answer 7

Generalizing across features of a study: When individuals are tested in a series of treatment conditions, participation in one condition may have an effect on the participants that carries over into the next treatment and influences their performance or behavior. Fatigue and practice. Potential influence of experience in earlier treatments is called multiple treatment interference.

Question 8

Experimenter Characteristics

Answer 8

Generalizing across features of a study: Both demographic and personality characteristics of the experimenter can limit the generality of the results. Demographic characteristics is gender race age etc.. personality is friendliness, prestige, hostility

Question 9

Sensization

Answer 9

Generalizing across features of the measures: assesment procedure -process of measurement- can alter participants so that they react differently to treatment. whether the results obtained in a research study using assesment are different from results in the real world. Pretest sensitization: pretest is before-treatment measurement, and it can affect and sensitize the participants the way that they become more aware of their behaviors or attitudes.

Question 10

Generality across response measures

Answer 10

Generalizing across features of the measures: Many variables can be defined and measured in different ways. In research studies we select one measurement and definition. the results of the study may be limited to that specific measurement and may not generalize to other definitions or other measures.

Question 11

Time of measurement

Answer 11

Generalizing across features of the measures: Time can differ to results of measurements. Measuring quitting cigarratte just after giving treatment of quitting and measuring 6 months later etc.