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First Responder > Chapter 6-The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6-The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system provide the body with?

A 
Movement
Organ protection
Upright posture
Form
Heat
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2
Q

Define musculoskeletal system

A

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal (voluntary), Cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (both voluntary and involuntary)

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4
Q

What makes cardiac muscle unique?

A

It can create and conduct its own electrical impulses

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5
Q

What are two other terms for skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary or striated muscle

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6
Q

How do muscles interact to allow us to move in a slow and controlled manner?

A

Antagonistic pairs such as the biceps and triceps control each other’s motion so that we can move our limbs in a slow and controlled manner

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7
Q

How many skeletal muscles are in the musculoskeletal system?

A

Over 600 muscles

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8
Q

What structures hold the lungs in place?

A

The trachea, pulmonary ligaments, and vessels

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9
Q

How are lungs further subdivided into parts?

A

Lung–>lobe (3R/2L) each with its own bronchus that comes from the carina at the base of the trachea, bronchus–>bronchiole–>alveoli

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10
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli, whose walls are filled with pulmonary capillaries that carry CO2 from the right ventricle and O2 to the left atrium once gas exchange occurs

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11
Q

What system of membranes assists the diaphragm in breathing?

A

The visceral pleura and parietal pleura which contain between the the fluid-filled pleura space

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12
Q

What are the two functions of the respiratory system?

A

Ventilation (mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs) and respiration (gas and nutrient exchange via diffusion through the walls of capillaries)

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13
Q

What is another name for the pleural space?

A

potential space because there shouldn’t actually be any empty space between the membranes unless the patient has sustained an injury

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14
Q

How do the visceral and parietal membranes assist with breathing?

A

The serous fluid in the potential space created a surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura, which causes them to pull on the lungs to expand them when the chest cavity expands

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15
Q

What is the primary muscle of breathing?

A

The diaphragm

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16
Q

Is the diaphragm voluntary or involuntary muscle?

A

Both, we can temporarily change our natural pattern of breathing (e.g. hold our breath, breath slower/faster, etc.) but at a certain point, if the CO2 levels in our lungs gets too high, our brain will start to control our diaphragm and force us to breath in a regular patter, at which point it becomes an involuntary muscle

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17
Q

What is the next most important muscle in breathing that assists the diaphragm?

A

The intercostal muscles

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18
Q

How do the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles work together to achieve ventilation?

A

The diaphragm contracts to expand the thoracic cage vertically and the intercostal muscles contract to expand the thoracic cage horizontally. The overall increase in volume of the lungs results in a reduced pressure, which causes air to be sucked in

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19
Q

What term describes the mechanism of breathing by expanding the lungs?

A

Negative pressure breathing

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20
Q

What are the accessory muscles of breathing and when might they get involved?

A

Cervical (neck) muscles, pectoral muscles, and abdominal muscles might get involved in breathing if the airway is obstructed

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21
Q

What are the normal respiratory rates for adults, children, and infants?

A

Adults: 12-20 breaths/min
Child: 12-40 breaths/min
Infant: 30-60 breaths/min

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22
Q

Define circulatory/cardiovascular system

A

The arrangement of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venuoles, and veins that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, and cellular waste throughout the body

23
Q

What are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system?

A

Systemic (carries blood back and forth between the body and heart) and pulmonary (carries blood back and forth between the lungs and heart)

24
Q

What are the normal heart rates for adults, children, and infants? FINISH

A

Adults: 60-100 bpm
Children:

25
Q

What does the stroke volume refer to and what is a normal range for SV?

A

SV is the amount of blood that is pumped from the heart with each pump, and it should be arounf 70-80 mL

26
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood moved throughout the body in one minute

27
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate times stroke volume

28
Q

What are arteries made of?

A

Circular muscle and elastic tissue

29
Q

What types of tissue need a constant supply of blood?

A

Kidney, heart, brain

30
Q

What types of tissue don’t need a constant supply of blood?

A

Skin, muscles in the extremities, and intestines

31
Q

How do arteries change their diameter?

A

The tunica media is the middle layer of arteries made up of smooth muscle that contracts to reduce the diameter of the arteries

32
Q

Where can pulses be felt most easily?

A

In large arteries near the surface of the skin that can be pushed up against hard structures such as bone

33
Q

Where can a central pulse be taken?

A

Carotid and femoral arteries

34
Q

Where can a peripheral or distal pulse be taken?

A

Brachial, radial, dorsalis pedis, or posterior tibial arteries

35
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The pressure exerted against the walls of arteries by the pumping of the heart

36
Q

Define systole

A

The phase of the heart beat in which the left ventricle contracts

37
Q

Define diastole

A

The phase of the heart beat when the left ventricle is relaxed and filling with blood

38
Q

Systole and diastole are the crests and troughs of the _____

A

Pulsatile pressure wave

39
Q

How can you measure systole and diastole?

A

A sphygmomanometer or bp cuff

40
Q

What units are systolic and diastolic bp reported in?

A

mm Hg (millimeters of mercury)

41
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The circulation of blood through an organ/tissue in an adequate amount needed to support cells’ needs

42
Q

What is shock?

A

When the amount of blood flow through an organ/tissue is inadequate to support the cells’ needs

43
Q

What is another term for shock?

A

Hypoperfusion

44
Q

How does the body react when a significant amount of blood has been lost?

A

Vessels constrict to accommodate the reduced volume of blood while maintaining the proper blood pressure, and the heart beats faster to maintain cardiac output

45
Q

Define digestive system

A

The system of organs responsible for digestion, or the processing of food that nourishes cells

46
Q

What types of organs are housed in the abdominal cavity?

A

Organs of digestion and excretion

47
Q

What organs are found in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Liver, gallbladder, part of the colon, and part of the pancreas

48
Q

What organs are in the left upper quadrant?

A

The stomach, spleen, part of the colon, and part of the pancreas

49
Q

What organs are in the right lower quadrant?

A

Appendix, part of the urinary bladder, and cecum and ascending portions of the colon

50
Q

What organs are in the left lower quadrant?

A

The descending and sigmoid colon and part of the urinary bladder

51
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

The kidneys and pancreas because they’re behind the abdominal cavity

52
Q

What organ occupies all four quadrants?

A

Small intestine

53
Q

What does pathophysiology refer to?

A

How normal physiological processes are impacted by diseases (e.g. diabetes is an illness of the pancreas and pneumonia is a disease of the lungs, and stroke is a disease of the brain)

54
Q

What are two common emergencies that EMTs respond to?

A

Respiratory compromise and shock

First Responder (16 decks)

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