Chapter 6 - The Human Body

Question 1

A by-product of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation is:

Select one:

A. lactic acid.

B. oxygen.

C. nitrogen.

D. heat.

Answer 1

D. heat.

Explanation:

Shivering is involuntary spasming (contractions) in an effort to generate heat to prevent hypothermia

Question 2

A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. The “130” in this measurement represents:

Select one:

A. ventricular contraction.

B. ventricular filling.

C. ventricular relaxation.

D. atrial contraction.

Answer 2

A. ventricular contraction.

Also known as systole.

Question 3

A patient has a large accumulation of blood in the sac surrounding the heart. Which type of shock would this condition cause?

Select one:

A. Hypovolemic

B. Obstructive

C. Cardiogenic

D. Neurogenic

Answer 3

B. Obstructive

Explanation:

Obstructive shock is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself.

Examples:

Pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade are considered forms of obstructive shock.

Obstructive shock has much in common with cardiogenic shock, and the two are frequently grouped together.

Question 4

Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the:

Select one:

A. kidneys.

B. stomach.

C. gallbladder.

D. pancreas.

Answer 4

C. gallbladder.

Question 5

If a patient’s chest barely moves during inhalation, even if the patient’s respiratory rate is normal, you should suspect that:

Select one:

A. inspiratory reserve is increased.

B. expiratory reserve volume is decreased.

C. overall tidal volume is increased.

D. minute volume is decreased.

Answer 5

D. minute volume is decreased.

Explanation

Minute ventilation (VE) is the total volume of air entering the lungs in a minute. The average minute ventilation is 6 litres per minute.

Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath. The average tidal volume is 0.5 litres (500 ml).

Question 6

Large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are generated when:

Select one:

A. carbon dioxide levels in the blood are high.

B. the cells function with adequate oxygen.

C. circulating blood glucose levels fall.

D. the cells function without oxygen.

Answer 6

B. the cells function with adequate oxygen.

Explanation:

Normal cells, under normal conditions, undergo Aerobic respiration, which is a metabolic pathway that requires oxygen. Cells break down glucose into pyruvate, to eventually form ATP while releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product.

• Anaerobic metabolism* at the cellular level occurs when oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation are compromised. This can be a result of hypoxemia, anemia, inadequate systemic blood flow, or a combination of these factors. The byproduct of which is Lactic Acid
• Anaerobic metabolism* is considerably less efficient than oxidative metabolism. A single glucose molecule generates only 2 ATP molecules while being metabolized to 2 pyruvate molecules via anaerobic glycolysis,
• Oxidative (Aerobic) metabolism* of the pyruvates via the tricarboxylic acid cycle yields 34 ATP.

Question 7

Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes that occur when the body reacts to a particular:

Select one:

A. protocol.

B. disease.

C. assessment.

D. medication.

Answer 7

B. disease.

Explanation

Pathos = Sad

Dis-Ease = Not at Ease (or suffering)

Question 8

The ___________ is made up of the maxilla and zygoma, as well as the frontal bone of the cranium.

Select one:

A. orbit

B. sphenoid

C. occiput

D. mastoid

Answer 8

A. orbit (Eye Socket)

Explanation

B. sphenoid - A bone on the lateral side of the head

C. occiput - Back of the skull where the Foremen Magnum is located

D. mastoid - A process that is located just behind the ear

Question 9

The ____________ is a muscular dome that forms the inferior boundary of the thorax, separating the thorax from the abdomen.

Select one:

A. diaphragm

B. costovertebral angle

C. costal arch

D. mediastinum

Answer 9

A. diaphragm

Explanation

B. costovertebral angle - Located on the thoracic region of the spine just below the last rib

C. costal arch - The costal margin, also known as the costal arch, is the lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage.

D. mediastinum - The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and lymph nodes but not the lungs.

Question 10

The brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull called the:

Select one:

A. foramen ovale.

B. foramen magnum.

C. vertebral foramen.

D. spinous foramen.

Answer 10

B. foramen magnum.

Question 11

The central nervous system is composed of the:

Select one:

A. spinal cord & sensory nerves.

B. brain & spinal cord.

C. brain & sensory nerves.

D. motor & sensory nerves.

Answer 11

B. brain & spinal cord.

Question 12

The waste products of aerobic metabolism include:

Select one:

A. ATP & glucose.

B. uric acid & nitrogen.

C. carbon dioxide & water.

D. glucose & lactic acid.

Answer 12

C. carbon dioxide & water.

Question 13

Urine is transported from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via the:

Select one:

A. urethra.

B. ureters.

C. prostate.

D. renal duct.

Answer 13

B. ureters.

Explanation

A. urethra - a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body of both females and males.

C. prostate - The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis

D. renal duct - Renal collecting tubule, also called duct of Bellini, any of the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrate and transport urine from the nephrons

Question 14

What happens when blood volume is lost from the body?

Select one:

A. The arteries contract to increase the blood pressure.

B. Widespread vasodilation causes blood pressure to decrease.

C. The veins dilate to increase systemic perfusion.

D. Arterial blood is diverted to the skin and muscles.

Answer 14

A. The arteries contract to increase the blood pressure.

Question 15

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

Select one:

A. To transport a mature egg to the uterus

B. To connect the ovaries

C. To supply blood to the uterine lining

D. To produce progesterone and estrogen

Answer 15

A. To transport a mature egg to the uterus

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

Select one:

A. Pressure and pain perception

B. Temperature regulation

C. Metabolic coordination

D. Sensory reception

Answer 16

C. Metabolic coordination

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true of the lymphatic system?

Select one:

A. Its vessels closely parallel the major arteries in the body.

B. It circulates waste products of metabolism away from cells.

C. It circulates oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells.

D. It relies on muscle movement to circulate lymph.

Answer 17

A. Its vessels closely parallel the major arteries in the body.

Explanation

Lymph flows from lymphatic vessels into lymphatic trunks, and finally into collecting ducts where the lymph is disposed into the subclavian veins. Run parallel to blood capillaries in all body tissues. Also made of simple squamous epithelium.

Question 18

Which of the following structures does NOT contain smooth muscle?

Select one:

A. Blood vessels

B. Skeletal system

C. Urinary system

D. Gastrointestinal tract

Answer 18

B. Skeletal system

Explanation:

Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary.

Question 19

Which of the following systems is responsible for releasing hormones that regulate body activities?

Select one:

A. Nervous

B. Endocrine

C. Skeletal

D. Reproductive

Answer 19

B. Endocrine

Question 20

Which organ lies in the lateral and posterior portion of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?

Select one:

A. Liver

B. Spleen

C. Cecum

D. Stomach

Answer 20

B. Spleen

Question 21

Which of the following are found in the retroperitoneal space?
A. Liver
B. Spleen
C. Kidneys
D. Stomach

Answer 21

C. kidneys
The kidneys lie in the retroperitoneal space—the space behind the abdominal cavity. The spleen, liver, and stomach are all located within the anterior (true) abdomen.

Question 22

The cartilaginous tip of the sternum is called the:
A. costal arch.
B. manubrium.
C. angle of Louis.
D. xiphoid process.

Answer 22

D.
The xiphoid process projects from the lower part of the sternum. It is made of cartilage and, relative to other parts of the sternum (eg, manubrium, angle of Louis), is soft to palpation.

Question 23

A person with bilateral femur fractures has:
A. fractured one of his or her femurs.
B. fractured both of his or her femurs.
C. one femur fractured in two places.
D. fractured the lateral aspect of the femur.

Answer 23

B.
The term bilateral refers to both sides of the body with reference to the midline. Therefore, bilateral femur fractures would indicate that both femurs are fractured.

Question 24

The MOST prominent landmark on the anterior surface of the neck is the:
A. mastoid process.
B. cricoid cartilage.
C. thyroid cartilage.
D. cricothyroid membrane.

Answer 24

C.
The thyroid cartilage, commonly referred to as the “Adam’s apple,” is the most prominent landmark on the anterior (front) surface of the neck. The cricoid cartilage is located directly inferior to (below) the thyroid cartilage; it is a less prominent landmark.

Question 25

Insulin is produced in the:
A. liver.
B. pancreas.
C. thyroid gland.
D. adrenal glands.

Answer 25

B.
The pancreas is a solid organ that produces both insulin and digestive juices. Insulin is produced in the islets of Langerhans, which are a part of the pancreas.

Question 26

_____ connect(s) muscles to bones.
A. Ligaments
B. Cartilage
C. Tendons
D. Joints

Answer 26

C. tendons
Tendons connect muscle to bone. Ligaments connect bone to bone. Cartilage is smooth connective tissue covering the ends of bones at mobile joints. Joints consist of the ends of the bones and the surrounding connecting and supporting tissues.

Question 27

The normal resting adult heart rate is:
A. 50 to 70 beats/min.
B. 60 to 100 beats/min.
C. 80 to 110 beats/min.
D. 110 to 120 beats/min.

Answer 27

B.

Question 28

The left atrium of the heart receives ___________ blood from the ___________.
A. oxygenated; lungs
B. deoxygenated; body
C. oxygenated; body
D. deoxygenated; lungs

Answer 28

A.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the venae cavae.

Question 29

The largest part of the brain is the:
A. cerebrum.
B. brainstem.
C. cerebellum.
D. foramen magnum.

Answer 29

A. cerebrum
The three major parts of the brain are the cerebrum, the brainstem, and the cerebellum. The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum, which is sometimes called the “gray matter.” The cerebellum—sometimes called the “athlete’s brain”— is the smallest part of the brain. The brainstem is responsible for vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. The foramen magnum is the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about red blood cells is FALSE?
A. They contain iron.
B. They carry oxygen.
C. They help to fight infection.
D. They give color to the blood.

Answer 30

C.
The hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells contain iron, give color to the blood, and carry oxygen. White blood cells play a role in helping the body to fight infection.

Question 31

Anterior to the knee is a specialized bone called the:
Select one:
A. calcaneus.
B. tibia.
C. patella.
D. femur.

Answer 31

C. patella.

Question 32

The artery that can be palpated on the anterior surface of the foot is the:
Select one:
A. ventral pedis.
B. dorsalis pedis.
C. posterior tibial.
D. anterior tibial.

Answer 32

B. dorsalis pedis.

Question 33

Your ability to remain awake is a function of the:
Select one:
A. limbic system.
B. reticular activating system.
C. pons and medulla.
D. cerebellum.

Answer 33

B. reticular activating system.

Question 34

The firm cartilaginous ring that forms the inferior portion of the larynx is called the:
Select one:
A. costal cartilage.
B. tracheal cartilage.
C. cricoid cartilage.
D. thyroid cartilage.

Answer 34

C. cricoid cartilage.

Question 35

The part of the brain that controls the left side of the body is the:
Select one:
A. left-side cerebrum.
B. left parietal lobe.
C. right temporal lobe.
D. right-side cerebrum

Answer 35

D. right-side cerebrum

Question 36

Cardiac output (CO) is affected by:
Select one:
A. stroke volume and heart rate.
B. stroke volume only.
C. heart rate only.
D. blood pressure.

Answer 36

A. stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 37

A person’s bones will become brittle if he or she is deficient in:
Select one:
A. magnesium.
B. sodium.
C. calcium.
D. potassium.

Answer 37

C. calcium.

Question 38

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the:
Select one:
A. pulmonary arteries.
B. pulmonary veins.
C. inferior venae cavae.
D. superior venae cavae.

Answer 38

B. pulmonary veins.

Question 39

The circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs is called:
Select one:
A. cardiac output.
B. metabolism.
C. respiration.
D. perfusion.

Answer 39

D. perfusion.

Question 40

The electrical impulse of the heart normally begins at the:
Select one:
A. Purkinje fibers.
B. bundle of His.
C. atrioventricular node.
D. sinoatrial node.

Answer 40

D. sinoatrial node.

Question 41

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system would result in:
Select one:
A. a slower heart rate.
B. a strong pulse.
C. tachycardia.
D. vasoconstriction.

Answer 41

A. a slower heart rate.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a facial bone?
Select one:
A. Mastoid
B. Maxilla
C. Zygoma
D. Mandible

Answer 42

A. Mastoid