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structure and function > chapter 6- skeletal system > Flashcards

chapter 6- skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four components of the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system ?

A

framework for the body, protection, allows movement, stores minerals in the bone, stores adipose in bone cavity, red bone marrow, and hematopoesis

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3
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

the creation of blood cells

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4
Q

what do tendons attach to?

A

muscles and bones

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5
Q

what do ligaments do?

A

hold bones together

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6
Q

what are the three types of cartilage ?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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7
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

found on the ends of bones and in the nose
gives rise to the skeleton when developing
glassy appearance
collagen

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8
Q

elastic cartilage

A

elastin
flexible
found in external ear and epiglottis

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9
Q

fibrocartilage

A

collagen fibers
strong
found in pubic symphysis, knee meniscus, and intervertebral discs
maintains height

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10
Q

what are the types of cartilage growth?

A

appositional and interstitial

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11
Q

appositional growth

A

cartilage forming cells secrete new matrix against external face of existing cartilage
adds more to surface

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12
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix
expand cartilage from within

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13
Q

what is the bone matrix?

A

“reinforced concrete”

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14
Q

what does collagen do?

A

adds flexible strength
lose=brittle

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15
Q

what does minerals do for bones?

A

(hydroxyapetite)
weight bearing strength
lose= bend

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16
Q

what are the bone cells?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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17
Q

what are the ossification bone types?

A

woven and lamellar

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18
Q

final bone types:

A

compact and spongey

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19
Q

osetoblasts

A

builds matrix, turns chondrocytes into bone
osteogenesis/ ossification
lay down new bone on the surface (appositional)
arise from stem cells

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20
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain matrix, 90-95% of bone cells
arise from osteoblasts, live up to 25 years
found in lacunae,
communicate via canalicoli
connects 1 cell to another, anchors, attaches, and communicates

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21
Q

osteoclasts

A

breakdown matrix (reabsorption)
calcium in blood
arise from bone marrow

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22
Q

when does ossification occur

A

as a fetus
when growing
when a fracture is repaired

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23
Q

woven bone

A

formed first by osteoblasts, weak due to random placement of collagen, osteoclasts break down woven bone

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24
Q

lamellar bone

A

formed by osteblasts to build stringer, more permanent bone
arranged in concentric sheets/layers=lamellae
parallel arrangement= strong
more consistent= more strength

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25
Q

spongey bone

A

appears porous with more space
consists of trabecular= interconnected roots
thin, found along mechanical stress lines

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26
Q

compact bone

A

more bone matrix
dense, solid outer layer
osteoblasts/ haversian system= unit
concentric rings of lamellae
shaft of bone, vascular

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27
Q

what are the types of bone?

A

long bone
flat bone
short and irregular bone

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28
Q

what is long bone made up of ?

A

compact bone with a medullary cavity in the center

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29
Q

diaphysis

A

the main shaft of the long bone

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30
Q

epiphysis

A

the ends of the long bones, mostly made out if spongey bone
covered in articular cartilage

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31
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

“growth plate”
between two parts
occurs on both ends
becomes the epiphyseal line when growth is complete

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32
Q

red bone marrow

A

gives rise to blood cells in the epiphyses

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33
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

adipose in the diaphysis

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34
Q

what are the layers of the long bone?

A

periosteum and the endosteum

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35
Q

periosteum

A

the outer surface
made of dense irregular tissue

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36
Q

endosteum

A

inner surface= bone

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37
Q

sharpeys fibers

A

perforating
attachment and strengthens area for ligaments/ tendons

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38
Q

flat bone

A

“spongey bone sandwich”
compact, spongey, compact

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39
Q

short and irregular bones

A

no diaphysis
small growth plates

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40
Q

types of fetal ossification

A

intramembraneous and endochondral

41
Q

intramembraneous

A

starts with mesenchymal, embryonic connective tissue (fibrous) = flat (cranium)
emery at 8 weeks= 2 years old

42
Q

endochondral

A

hyaline cartilage- long bone

43
Q

what areas use endochondral fetal ossification ?

A

base of the skull, mandible area, clavicle epiphyses, rest of skeleton
embryo t 8 weeks in some areas
other areas start at 18-20 years old

44
Q

intramembraneous ossification

A

begins at ossification centers, expands to form bone slowly.
centers have the oldest bone and the edges are the youngest

45
Q

fontanels

A

soft spots, covered by membranes, bone fuse to cover, allows for brain growth
complete after aprox. 22 months
frontal is the largest

46
Q

what is the process of intramembraneous ossification ?

A
  1. osteoblast formation
  2. spongey bone formation
  3. compact bone formation
47
Q

what happens during osteoblast formation?

A

step 1, mesenchymal cells (give rise to everything)
osteochondral progenitor cells (bone or cartilage cells), osteoblasts (lay down bone matrix) and become osteocytes
trabecular join together to form spongey bone

48
Q

what happens during spongey bone formation?

A

step 2, osteoblasts present on trabecular surface, causing it to become larger and longer
trabecular join together to form spongey bone

49
Q

what happens during compact bone formation?

A

red bone marrow forms as well as the periosteum.
osteoblasts from periosteum lay down bone matrix to form compact bone
creates spongey bone sandwich

50
Q

what are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. cartilage model formation
  2. bone collar formation
  3. primary ossification center
  4. secondary ossification center
  5. adult bone
51
Q

what happens during cartilage model formation?

A

step 1 of endochondral ossification
mesenchymal cells, osteochondral progenitor cels, chondroblasts, chondrocytes, and hyaline cartilage model start to make bone

52
Q

what happens during bone collar formation?

A

step 2 of endochondral ossification
osteoblasts, compact bone on cartilage model surface, and bone collar: grow from the inside out (hypertrophy)
form hydroxyapatite crystals (for strength), calcified cartilage, NO nutrition- matrix breaks down and forms lacunae (gets hollowed out)

53
Q

what happens during primary ossification center?

A

step 3 of endochondral ossification
blood vessels grow into lenlarged lacunae, primary ossification center forms as osteoblasts and lay down bone on calcified cartilage surface
osteoblasts change calcified cartilage into diaphysis into spongey bone
cartilage model grows, bone collar thickens. osteoclasts remove diaphysis cent. medullary cavity

54
Q

what happens in secondary ossification center?

A

step 4 of endochondral ossification
created in epiphyses, form in proximal epiphyses of femur, humerus, tibia (1 month prior to birth). last appears in medial epiphyses of clavicle (18-20)
continual cartilage, bone; when done growing the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line.

55
Q

what happens when creating adult bone?

A

step 5 of endochondral ossification
mature body (spongey and compact bone is fully developed), epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line

56
Q

where do bones grow at?

A

the epiphyseal plate

57
Q

what does the physical plate connect?

A

the diaphysis to the epiphysis
also called the metaphysis

58
Q

what do long bones do in regards to the epiphyseal plate

A

lays down cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

59
Q

how do bones grow?

A

expands on both ends
bone is added to diaphysis through calcification
epiphyseal ends are pushed out to grow longer

60
Q

what is the rate of cartilage growth on the epiphyseal side of the plate equal to?

A

the rate of bone formation on diaphysial side of the plate

61
Q

what happens when you reach normal adult size?

A

you stop growing
epyphyseal plate ossifies into the epiphyseal line
complete by age 12-25 y/o.
damage to plate may interfere with bone length

62
Q

how often does remodeling occur?

A

constantly

63
Q

what factors can affect bone growth?

A

genes
nutrition
vitamin d
vitamin c
hormones

64
Q

how often is the entire skeleton replaced?

A

every 10 years

65
Q

how do genes affect bone growth ?

A

determine final height

66
Q

how does nutrition affect bone growth ?

A

malnutrition leads to stunted growth

67
Q

how does vitamin d affect bone growth ?

A

needed for calcium absorption from intestines, synthesis is increased when exposed to sunlight
need to make or ingest it
lack leads to rickets in kids, and osteomalacia in adults (softening of bones from calcium depletion)
bowed knees and inflamed joints

68
Q

how does vitamin c affect bone growth ?

A

need for osteoblasts to make collagen
deficiencies lead to growth retardation
scurvy- ulceration and hemorrhage, impaired wound healing and teeth fall out.

69
Q

how do hormones affect bone growth ?

A

growth hormone from pituitary gland
gigantism- xs hormones
dwarfism- insufficient
thyroid hormones, reproductive hormones, females -18 males -25

70
Q

remodeling throughout a lifetime involves what?

A

bone deposit, bone resorption, control

71
Q

bone deposit

A

uses osteoblasts
bone injuries, need extra bone strength

72
Q

bone resorption

A

uses osteoclasts, breakdown matrix where there is less stress

73
Q

control in remodeling

A

uses negative feedback and hormones (blood calcium levels)
calcitonin- C cells of thyroid (osteoblasts activate)
PTH - osteoclasts activate, release into bloodstream

74
Q

what is wolff’s law?

A

bones remodel in response to force/stress placed upon it

75
Q

hormonal stress with remodeling

A

determines whether and when remodeling will occur in response to changing blood calcium levels

76
Q

mechanical stress with remodeling

A

determines where remodeling occurs
wolff’s law

77
Q

mechanism of fracture

A

trauma, pathologic, and periprosthetic

78
Q

bone fracture classifications

A

mechanism
soft tissue damage
displaced/not
fracture pattern
# of and arrangement of bone fragments
age

79
Q

soft tissue damage with bone fracture classifications

A

closed vs open (compound)

80
Q

displaced vs not with fractures

A

linear (parallel to bone length)
spiral (twisting)
avulsion (bone fragment)
stress (hairline, from overuse)
compression (weak= collapses)

81
Q

of fragments and arrangement of bone fragments

A

incomplete (part of the bone)

82
Q

age specific with bone fractures

A

greenstick fracture- 1 side breaks and 1 side bends
epiphyseal- uneven growth

83
Q

what are the 4 steps to repair bone damage?

A
  1. hematoma formation
  2. fibrocartilagenous callus formation
  3. bony callus formation
  4. remodeling
84
Q

hematoma formation in bone repair

A

step 1 , takes about 4 days
mass of clotted blood at fracture site, bone cells die from lack of nutrition, tissue becomes inflamed

85
Q

fibrocartilagenous callus formation in bone repair

A

step 2
soft granulation tissue, capillaries and phagocytes into area, spongey bone forms, callus splints bone

86
Q

bony callus formation in bone repair

A

step 3, takes 3-4 weeks to 2-3 months
osteoblasts and osteoclasts multiply, callus and spongey bone

87
Q

remodeling in bone repair

A

step 4, takes several months
extra material outside and inside of bone

88
Q

what is woven bone viewed as?

A

a quick fix

89
Q

how are fractures treated

A

by reduction (realigning the fracture ends)

90
Q

closed fracture

A

ends together by manual manipulation

91
Q

open fracture

A

surgery performed, ends held together by pins/plates
open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
external fixation- used when ORIF is too dangerous- requires 2nd surgery once swelling has improved
might needs pins to secure

92
Q

paget’s disease

A

high ratio of woven bone to compact
xs abnormal bone reabsorption and formation
bone becomes soft and weak
decreases osteoclast activity
osteoblasts form irregular bone thickness

93
Q

what and who does paget’s disease affect?

A

men and women over 40
affects spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

94
Q

osteoporosis

A

weakened and porous bone, deformity leads to fractures
2.5 x more likely in women, worsens with age
bone mineral density decreases at 40

95
Q

causes of osteoporosis

A

decreased reproductive hormone levels, inadequate diet, decreased calcium intake, sedentary, disuse from injury, oophorectomy, cigarette smoking, proton pump inhibitors for acid reflux use x5 years

96
Q

what does osteoporosis affect?

A

decreases height and kyphosis
affects vertebral area, forearm, and pelvis

97
Q

how is osteoporosis diagnosed ?

A

DEXA scan- dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

98
Q

how do you prevent osteoporosis?

A

1200 mg calcium daily (50+), diary in diet, vitamin D 800 iu daily, avoid high phosphorus foods, avoid xs alcohol and caffeine, weight bearing exercise 30 min a day 3 times a week

99
Q

treatment for osteoporosis

A

bisphosphonates (weekly or monthly) as osteoclast inhibitors
estrogen like meds
antibodies activate bone breakdown
calcitonin replacement
zoledronic acid yearly shot

structure and function (9 decks)

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