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structure and function > chapter 1- the human > Flashcards

chapter 1- the human Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy?

A

the study of body parts / structure

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

study of function

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3
Q

complementarity of structure and function

A

how something is designed in relation to its function

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4
Q

example of complementarity of structure and function

A

the circular folds, villi, and microvilli in the small intestines increase surface area to increase absorption.

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5
Q

developmental anatomy

A

structural changes that occur from conception to adulthood (lifelong)

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6
Q

embryology

A

structural changes that occur in utero, from fertilization to birth

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7
Q

macroscopic anatomy

A

what you can see with the naked eye

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8
Q

examples of macroscopic anatomy

A

systemic anatomy
regional anatomy
surface anatomy

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9
Q

systemic anatomy

A

studies the body by the systemic approach (CV, respiratory, etc)

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10
Q

regional anatomy

A

studies ALL structures in a certain region of the body (ex. knee of a cadaver)

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11
Q

surface anatomy

A

studies the surface of the skin to examine internal structures (ex. bruising, edema, redness)

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12
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

used to see structures, cannot be seen with the naked eye `

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13
Q

examples of microscopic anatomy

A

cytology and histology

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14
Q

cytology

A

study of structural features of cells (study of the cell)

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15
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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16
Q

tomographic anatomy

A

medical imaging such as CT scans to better determine where structures are

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17
Q

pathologic anatomy

A

study of diagnosis and disease, what causes disease and the effects it has on the body

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18
Q

hierarchy of anatomy

A

chemical (atoms)
cellular (cells)
tissue (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
organ (stomach, liver, bladder)
organ system (reproductive, nervous,)
organism (human)

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19
Q

organ systems

A

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic/immune
respiratory
digestive
urinary (renal)
reproductive

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20
Q

integumentary system

A

barrier system: provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D
consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

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21
Q

skeletal system

A

keeps the body upright; provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells. and stores minerals and adipose
consists if bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

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22
Q

muscular system

A

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
consists of muscles that are attached to the skeleton by tendons

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23
Q

nervous sytem

A

controls the body; regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

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24
Q

endocrine system

A

opposite of nervous system; regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
consists of glands (pituitary) that secrete hormones, pancreas, and testes/ ovaries

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25
cardiovascular system
transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in immune response and the regulation of body temp consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
26
lymphatic system
filters through a one way system; removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
27
respiratory system
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and sir and regulates blood pH. consists of the lungs and respiratory passsages
28
digestive system
preforms chemical and mechanical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
29
urinary system
removes waste from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. Kidney is major organ*
30
female reproductive system
produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for newborn, produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures
31
male reproductive system
produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis
32
homeostasis
maintenance of internal environment, kept relatively constant
33
how is homeostasis regulated
feedback loops
34
negative feedback loop
stops response when response causes variable to return to set point (body temp regulation)
35
positive feedback loop
continued response beyond set point until original stimulus is removed (birth of baby)
36
anatomical position
facing forward, arms hanging by side, palms forward, standing erect
37
supine
laying face up
38
prone
laying face down
39
superior
above
40
cephalic
below
41
inferior
towards the head
42
caudal
towards feet
43
anterior
front
44
posterior
back
45
ventral
belly/front
46
dorsal
back
47
proximal
close
48
distal
far
49
medial
towards the middle
50
lateral
away from the midline
51
superficial
towards the surface
52
deep
going into the body
53
ipsilateral
structures lie on the same side of the body
54
contralateral
structures lie on opposite sides of the body
55
midsagittal plane
divides the body into even halves
56
what are the abdominal quadrants
R hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, L hypochondriac region, R lumbar region, umbilical region, L lumbar region R ilic region, hypogastric region, L iliac region
57
parasagittal plane
divides he body into left and right
58
transverse plane
divides the body into a top and bottom
59
frontal plane (coronal)
divides body into front and back
60
oblique plane
not at a right angle to other planes, used in medical imaging to see structures
61
what is body sections used in?
histology
62
longitudinal section
cut through the length of an organ ( can see all tissue layers)
63
transverse section (cross)
cut at a right angle to the length of an organ
64
oblique section
cut at an angle
65
dorsal body cavity
consist of cranial and vertebral (houses brain and spinal cord)
66
ventral body cavity
consists of thoracic and abdominopelvic ( houses lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, ureter, gonads)
67
serous membrane
doubled layered membranes that line the walls of the body cavities and surface of internal organs
68
visceral layer
covers the organ (viscera), inner membrane
69
parietal layer
lines the cavity wall, outer layer that moves
70
what is cavity?
space that is filled with serous fluid, prevents rubbing of the 2 layers
71
pleural cavity
lung visceral pleura layer, pleural cavity, parietal pleura layer
72
pericardial cavity
heart visceral pericardium layer, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium layer
73
peritoneal cavity
internal organs visceral peritoneum layer, peritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum layer
74
retroperitoneum
posterior body wall (behind peritoneum) KIDNEYS, ureter, adrenal glands, bladder
75
what happens when there is inflammation ?
when infection occurs, NO FLUID- causes membranes to rub and cause pain
76
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura, membranes rub together
77
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum (deadly)
78
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium fluid accumulation in the sac, cardiac tamponade compression of the heart, doesn't pump blood or fill with blood when relaxed can be caused by a tumor or trauma

structure and function (9 decks)

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