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structure and function > chapter 1- the human > Flashcards

chapter 1- the human Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy?

A

the study of body parts / structure

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

study of function

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3
Q

complementarity of structure and function

A

how something is designed in relation to its function

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4
Q

example of complementarity of structure and function

A

the circular folds, villi, and microvilli in the small intestines increase surface area to increase absorption.

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5
Q

developmental anatomy

A

structural changes that occur from conception to adulthood (lifelong)

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6
Q

embryology

A

structural changes that occur in utero, from fertilization to birth

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7
Q

macroscopic anatomy

A

what you can see with the naked eye

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8
Q

examples of macroscopic anatomy

A

systemic anatomy
regional anatomy
surface anatomy

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9
Q

systemic anatomy

A

studies the body by the systemic approach (CV, respiratory, etc)

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10
Q

regional anatomy

A

studies ALL structures in a certain region of the body (ex. knee of a cadaver)

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11
Q

surface anatomy

A

studies the surface of the skin to examine internal structures (ex. bruising, edema, redness)

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12
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

used to see structures, cannot be seen with the naked eye `

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13
Q

examples of microscopic anatomy

A

cytology and histology

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14
Q

cytology

A

study of structural features of cells (study of the cell)

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15
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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16
Q

tomographic anatomy

A

medical imaging such as CT scans to better determine where structures are

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17
Q

pathologic anatomy

A

study of diagnosis and disease, what causes disease and the effects it has on the body

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18
Q

hierarchy of anatomy

A

chemical (atoms)
cellular (cells)
tissue (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
organ (stomach, liver, bladder)
organ system (reproductive, nervous,)
organism (human)

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19
Q

organ systems

A

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic/immune
respiratory
digestive
urinary (renal)
reproductive

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20
Q

integumentary system

A

barrier system: provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D
consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

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21
Q

skeletal system

A

keeps the body upright; provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells. and stores minerals and adipose
consists if bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

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22
Q

muscular system

A

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
consists of muscles that are attached to the skeleton by tendons

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23
Q

nervous sytem

A

controls the body; regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

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24
Q

endocrine system

A

opposite of nervous system; regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
consists of glands (pituitary) that secrete hormones, pancreas, and testes/ ovaries

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25
Q

cardiovascular system

A

transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in immune response and the regulation of body temp
consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood

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26
Q

lymphatic system

A

filters through a one way system; removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

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27
Q

respiratory system

A

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and sir and regulates blood pH.
consists of the lungs and respiratory passsages

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28
Q

digestive system

A

preforms chemical and mechanical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

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29
Q

urinary system

A

removes waste from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. Kidney is major organ*

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30
Q

female reproductive system

A

produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for newborn, produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures

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31
Q

male reproductive system

A

produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

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32
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal environment, kept relatively constant

33
Q

how is homeostasis regulated

A

feedback loops

34
Q

negative feedback loop

A

stops response when response causes variable to return to set point (body temp regulation)

35
Q

positive feedback loop

A

continued response beyond set point until original stimulus is removed (birth of baby)

36
Q

anatomical position

A

facing forward, arms hanging by side, palms forward, standing erect

37
Q

supine

A

laying face up

38
Q

prone

A

laying face down

39
Q

superior

A

above

40
Q

cephalic

A

below

41
Q

inferior

A

towards the head

42
Q

caudal

A

towards feet

43
Q

anterior

A

front

44
Q

posterior

A

back

45
Q

ventral

A

belly/front

46
Q

dorsal

A

back

47
Q

proximal

A

close

48
Q

distal

A

far

49
Q

medial

A

towards the middle

50
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

51
Q

superficial

A

towards the surface

52
Q

deep

A

going into the body

53
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures lie on the same side of the body

54
Q

contralateral

A

structures lie on opposite sides of the body

55
Q

midsagittal plane

A

divides the body into even halves

56
Q

what are the abdominal quadrants

A

R hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, L hypochondriac region,
R lumbar region, umbilical region, L lumbar region
R ilic region, hypogastric region, L iliac region

57
Q

parasagittal plane

A

divides he body into left and right

58
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into a top and bottom

59
Q

frontal plane (coronal)

A

divides body into front and back

60
Q

oblique plane

A

not at a right angle to other planes, used in medical imaging to see structures

61
Q

what is body sections used in?

A

histology

62
Q

longitudinal section

A

cut through the length of an organ ( can see all tissue layers)

63
Q

transverse section (cross)

A

cut at a right angle to the length of an organ

64
Q

oblique section

A

cut at an angle

65
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

consist of cranial and vertebral (houses brain and spinal cord)

66
Q

ventral body cavity

A

consists of thoracic and abdominopelvic ( houses lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, ureter, gonads)

67
Q

serous membrane

A

doubled layered membranes that line the walls of the body cavities and surface of internal organs

68
Q

visceral layer

A

covers the organ (viscera), inner membrane

69
Q

parietal layer

A

lines the cavity wall, outer layer that moves

70
Q

what is cavity?

A

space that is filled with serous fluid, prevents rubbing of the 2 layers

71
Q

pleural cavity

A

lung
visceral pleura layer, pleural cavity, parietal pleura layer

72
Q

pericardial cavity

A

heart
visceral pericardium layer, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium layer

73
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

internal organs
visceral peritoneum layer, peritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum layer

74
Q

retroperitoneum

A

posterior body wall (behind peritoneum) KIDNEYS, ureter, adrenal glands, bladder

75
Q

what happens when there is inflammation ?

A

when infection occurs, NO FLUID- causes membranes to rub and cause pain

76
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura, membranes rub together

77
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum (deadly)

78
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium
fluid accumulation in the sac, cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart, doesn’t pump blood or fill with blood when relaxed
can be caused by a tumor or trauma

structure and function (9 decks)

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