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structure and function > chapter 11- nervous tissue > Flashcards

chapter 11- nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

how many systems control the body?

A

2- nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A

receive sensory input, integrate information, control muscle and glands, maintain mental activities (emotions)

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3
Q

what makes up the nervous system ?

A

the brain, spinal cord, CN, spinal nerves, and sensory receptors

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4
Q

what do neurons do?

A

transmits electrical impulses
cell body with dendrites and axon

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5
Q

sensory neurons

A

sends info towards the spinal cord

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6
Q

motor neurons

A

sends info away from spinal cord

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7
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 from the brain, but not part of brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 from spinal cord, but not part of the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

plexus

A

group of nerves- overlap functions

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10
Q

neuroglia

A

supportive cells, does not transmit impulses

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11
Q

what are the nervous system divisions?

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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12
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord
receives and sends info to the body
“decision maker”

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13
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

everything else. detects stimuli, sends into CNS, communicated from CNS to body

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14
Q

sensory division

A

afferent
receptors to CNS, external and internal environmental stimuli (temperature, pain, touch, receptor)

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15
Q

motor division

A

efferent, CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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16
Q

somatic NS

A

voluntary division (skeletal muscles)

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17
Q

autonomic NS

A

involuntary division (glands, smooth and cardiac muscles)

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18
Q

sympathetic NS

A

fight or flight
increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, eyes wide

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19
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

rest and digest
slows heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and eyes pinpoint

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20
Q

what are the three points of the neuron?

A

dendrite, cell body, and axon

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21
Q

dendrites

A

short extensions, receive info from sensory receptors, neurons, retrograde movement

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22
Q

cell body

A

extensive RER= nissl bodies
extensive protein synthesis

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23
Q

axon

A

single arise from axon hillock, sends info from cell body to effector
anterograde movement
trigger zone where action potentials are generated
branch to form collateral axons, axoplasm, axolemma

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24
Q

what are the neuron types?

A

sensory, motor, and interneuron

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25
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons conduct action potential towards CNS

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26
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent neurons conduct action potentials away from CNS

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27
Q

interneuron

A

conduct action potentials within CNS from 1 neuron to the next

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28
Q

anaxonic neurons

A

no axon, just dendrites
brain and retina, gradual potential

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29
Q

pseudo-unipolar

A

1 process into 2 branches
peripheral (dendrites) and central

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30
Q

bipolar nuerons

A

2 processes, dendrite and axon
sensory organs (retina, nasal, ear)

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31
Q

multipolar

A

many dendrites and axon
motor neurons of PNS

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32
Q

what neuroglia are apart of the CNS?

A

astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells, oligodrendrocytes

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33
Q

astrocytes

A

blood brain barrier
goes in every direction, attaches close to capillary and anchors

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34
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventriciles, choroid plexus- makes CSF

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35
Q

microglial cells

A

immune cells, phagocytic

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36
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin sheath in CNS

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37
Q

which neuroglia are in the PNS?

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

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38
Q

schwann cells

A

forms myelin sheath in PNS

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39
Q

satelite cells

A

supports/ nutrition
protects from heavy metals (lead, mercury)

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40
Q

myelin

A

speeds up impulse transmission / protects axon
travels from node of ranvier to node of ranvier along axon
in Schwann cell in PNS, oligodendrocytes in CNS

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41
Q

what does impairment of myelin do?

A

slows impulse transmission

42
Q

myelin destroying disease

A

multiple sclerosis
can’t control movements as well
not control skeletal muscle

43
Q

action potentials

A

electrical signals produced by the nervous system

44
Q

different concentrations of ions

A

in cytoplasm compared to extracellular fluid

45
Q

extracellular fluid

A

has higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl- outside of the cell

46
Q

cytoplasm

A

has a higher concentration of K+
(-) charged molecules, molecules with phosphate
large molecules cannot get through PM easily, more negatively charged

47
Q

what can cause ion channels to open and close?

A

movement of ions across the PM which changes the charge difference across the PM

48
Q

what causes the PM to become polarized?

A

the difference in chase across the PM due to uneven amounts of cations and anions across it

49
Q

what is the action potential difference?

A

-70 mV

50
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

pump K+ and Na+ against the concentration gradient
increases K+ inside the cell and Na+ in the ECF
3 Na+ out to 2 K+ in per ATP used
maintains concentration gradient

51
Q

2 changes to RMP

A

depolarization and hyperpolarization

52
Q

depolarization

A

inside is more +
-70 mV - -55 mV= generation of action potential

53
Q

excitatory response

A

increased likelihood of generating AP
caused by Na+, Ca++, entry and changes in ECF K+ concentration

54
Q

hyperpolarization

A

inside is more (-)
-70 mV - -90 mV = unlikley to generate AP
inhibitory response, caused by K+ exiting the cell and Cl- entering the cell

55
Q

what are leak ion channels?

A

non gated ion channels
always open, specific to each ion

56
Q

what are examples of gated ion channels?

A

ligand gated
voltage gated
other gated ion channels

57
Q

what are ligand gated ion channels?

A

specific molecule to receptor
(ligand= hormone)

58
Q

what are voltage gated ion channels?

A

voltage change opens gates

59
Q

what are other gated ion channels?

A

mechanical/ temperature gated channels

60
Q

what is graded in neuron communication?

A

small change in membrane potential in LOCAL area of PM
varies in size, can depolarize or hyperpolarize
if summation of graded potentials= threshold AP

61
Q

action potential

A

mechanism by which neurons communicate with effectors
travels along PM without losing strength over distance (1-2 ms to occur)
all of none phenomenon

62
Q

what are the 4 phases of action potential ?

A

depolarization
repolarization
hyper polarization
return to RMP

63
Q

what is a refractory period?

A

once AP is produced, the area is less sensitive to further stimulation

64
Q

absolute refractory period

A

once the cycle starts, it must be copleted before another AP starts
spans from AP generation until close to end of repolarization.
cannot generate another AP

65
Q

relative refractory period

A

follows the absolute refractory period
strong stimulus (> threshold) = production of another AP

66
Q

propagation of AP

A

once generated AP, passed along PM, propagates in 1 direction down the length of the axon

67
Q

what is continuous conduction?

A

unmyelinated (PM section by section)

68
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A

myelinated (jumps from node of ranvier to next node

69
Q

action potentials

A

can stimulate AP’s in another cell- allows communication between cells
ex. hand on hot stove

70
Q

stimulus of heat

A

produce AP in sensory nerve fibers
AP propagated along sensory fibers towards CNS

71
Q

sensory neuron AP

A

produce AP in CNS neurons
CNS AP’s causing motor neurons to generate AP’s
skeletal muscle AP’s
skeletal muscle fiber CONTRACTION

72
Q

synapse

A

junction between 2 cells where they communicate with each other
info is transferred from neuron to neuron or neuron to effector
presynaptic neuron-> synapse-> postsynaptic neuron
neuromuscular junction, neurogland junction= neuron to muscle or gland

73
Q

what are the different synapse types?

A

electrical and chemical

74
Q

electrical synapse

A

not common, gap junctions across cytoplasm from 1 cell to the next
protein channels called connexons- allow act as 1 cell (Na+ flows from 1 cell to the other)

75
Q

what are rapid transmissions ?

A

Na+ causes generation of Ap in adjacent cell= SYNCHRONOUS activity
occurs in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

76
Q

chemical synapse

A

neurotransmitter (chemical messenger= ACh) communicates to effector
presynaptic terminal -> synaptic cleft-> postsynaptic membrane (neuron/muscle/gland)

77
Q

where are action potentials in a chemical synapse?

A

in the presynaptic terminal-> NT release from terminal
many mitochondria present in presynaptic terminals, also synaptic vesicles

78
Q

what happens during chemical synapse?

A

action potential-> voltage gated Ca++ channels to open in presynaptic axon terminal -> exocytosis of synaptic vesicle (sensor synaptotagmin) -> NT crosses synaptic cleft, binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane (depolarizing Na+ or hyper polarizing graded potential K+, Cl-)

79
Q

what are the short term NT effects?

A

rapid destruction OR removed from synaptic cleft (AChE)
acetylcholine (ACh) is released from receptors
ACh -> acetic acid+ choline (by AChE)
choline (transport back to presynaptic terminal) + acetyl-CoA (choline Acetyltransferase)= ACh reforms
OR diffuses away from synaptic cleft

80
Q

what are NT norepinephrine ?

A

releases into synaptic cleft, transport back into presynaptic terminal OR monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme breakdown

81
Q

what are the 6 classes of neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine
biogenic amines
amino acids
purines
neuropeptides
gases and lipids

82
Q

*acetylcholine

A

most well understood
stimulates skeletal muscles and ANS
myasthenia gravis

83
Q

what are the two types of biogenic amines?

A

catecholamines and indoleamines

84
Q

*what do biogenic amines do?

A

they are in the brain and regulate emotions and biological clock

85
Q

catecholamines

A

derived from AA tyrosine
dopamine
in motor neurons of ANS
schizophrenia, cocaine (xs dopamine) vs Parkinson’s (little dopamine)

86
Q

indoleamines

A

derived from histamine and tryptophan
histamine and serotonin
Alzheimer’s (little serotonin)
LSD, mescaline - bine to receptors and cause hallucinations

87
Q

amino acids neurotransmitters

A

GABA, glycine, glutamate in CNS

88
Q

purines in neurotransmitters

A

derived from nucleic acids
adenosine and ATP

89
Q

neuropeptides

A

substance P and endorphines
short AA chains

90
Q

gases and lipids

A

nitric oxide nd carbon monoxide
endocannabinoids

91
Q

what are the two types of chemical inhibitory responses?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

92
Q

excititory chemical synapse response

A

EPSP (postsynaptic potential)
last few ms’s
local graded depolarization
if threshold -> AP
dendrite and neuron cell body

93
Q

inhibitory chemical synapse response

A

IPSP
local hyper polarization
usually on the cells body and away fro threshold

94
Q

summation

A

PSP’s add together to stimulate an AP (ESPS, IPSP)
spatial and temporal

95
Q

spatial summation

A

multiple AP’s from separate neurons arrive simultaneously at the same postsynaptic neuron
large # stimulated

96
Q

temporal summation

A

2+ AP’s arrive at postsynaptic cell
rapid fire, do not finish

97
Q

what are the two types of neuronal pathways and circuits ?

A

serial pathway and parallel pathway

98
Q

serial pathway

A

simple- input travel along 1 pathway to a specific destination
1 neuron stimulates the next and so on
spinal reflex- rapid reflex
automatic response to stimuli
ALL OR NOTHING

99
Q

what uses the serial pathway?

A

receptors, sensory neurons, CNS integration, motor neurons, effectors

100
Q

parallel pathway

A

more complex, input travels along several pathways
integrated in different CNS regions
processes a lot of info quickly
triggers unique pathways
same stimulus many responses
important for high level intellect

structure and function (9 decks)

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