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chapter 5- the epidermis Flashcards

1
Q

what does the integumentary system consist of?

A

the skin and accessory structures such as hair, nail, and glands

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2
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

protection (from UV damage and MOs)
acts as a barrier
prevents water loss
sensation (hot vs cold, touch, pressure, pain, temp regulation via blood flow and sweat glands)
vitamin D protection
calcium homeostasis role
excretion of waste products through skin and glands

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3
Q

what does the epitheleal tissue consist of?

A

20-25 layers of stratified squamous cells

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4
Q

what are the layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis (not true skin)

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5
Q

epidermis

A

upper layer, stratified squamous epithelial tissue
avascular, keratin, rapid cell division

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6
Q

dermis

A

lower layer, dense irregular CT (stronger)
true skin
vascular, glands, elasticity that decreases with age

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7
Q

hypodermis

A

NOT SKIN
subcutaneous tissue, adipose tissue (loose CT)

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8
Q

what are the four types of epidermal cells?

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

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9
Q

keratinocytes

A

most cells
WATERPROOFER
get sloughed off
undergo mitosis
keratin protein
resists friction and water loss
*psoriasis

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10
Q

melanocytes

A

produces melanin pigment
contributes to skin color, protects from UV damage and UV light
25% of the skin’s last layer

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11
Q

langerhans cells

A

macrophages, immune system- stays stationary until phagocytosis

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12
Q

merkel cells

A

specialized cells with nerve ending, light touch and surface pressure
deepest layer of the epidermis
(bug touching your arm)

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13
Q

what are the 5 epidermal layers ?

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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14
Q

stratum corneum

A

superficial layer, 25+ layers thick, slough, horny cells (dead keratinocytes)

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15
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thin clear zone, found in THICK skin, missing in thin skin.
palms and feet

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16
Q

stratum granulosum

A

up to 5 layers of flat and granulated cells
granules and dye appearance
alternative color and small amount of protection

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17
Q

stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers, appears spiny
(was known as the stratum muosum)

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18
Q

stratum basale

A

stratum germinativum (everything from epidermis arises from this layer)
single base layer that anchors to the basement membrane (hemidesmosomes)
mitosis, merkel cells and melanocytes are 1/4 of this layer

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19
Q

thick skin

A

5 layers, seen in areas of increased friction
palms, soles, fingertips

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20
Q

thin skin

A

4 layers, missing stratum lucidum, seen in rest of the body
overall more flexible

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21
Q

what is a callus ?

A

stratum corner increases in thickness, more layers for added protection where there is more mechanical stress

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22
Q

what is a corn?

A

seen in bony prominence areas
apex area deep in epidermis
pain due to pressure

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23
Q

melanin

A

found in skin, hair, eye color
melanin protects DNA from UV damage
keratin and hemoglobin also contribute to color
removes free radicals and boosts antioxidants
ancestors determine melanin

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24
Q

what are the steps of melanin production?

A
  1. melanocytes are produced, package into vesicles (melanosomes)
  2. melanosomes move into cell processes of melanocytes
  3. tips of melanocyte cell processes are phagocytized by keratinocytes (acquire melanosomes)
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25
tyrosine amino acid
melanin (polymer that provides pigmentation for skin) pigments can be brown, yellow, or red genetic factors determine the types degree of melanin production is influenced by light exposure and hormones
26
true or false, all humans are born with the same amount of melanocytes
true
27
what is tanning?
brownish black pigment, increased melanin produced
28
racial variation with melanin
due to : type of melanin, amount, size, number, and distribution of melanosomes
29
eumelanin
true melanin brown and black skin, eyes, hair (blonde, brown, black)
30
pheomelanin
found in lips, nipples, pink parts of body
31
albino
lack tyrosinase (can't go from tyrosine to melanin) does not produce melanin, no skin pigment white hair, blue eyes, pinkish skin risk vision loss and skin damage, high risk of skin cancer
32
carotene
yellow pigment found in plants- carrots yellow tinted skin found with increased consumption
33
hemoglobin
pinkish hue due to oxygenated pigment in RBCs, which circulate through dermal capillaries lack= pallor, stress, low BP and anemia
34
cyanosis
bluish discoloration due to lack of oxygen
35
erythema
increase from sunburn, infection, rash, hot flash, allergic reactions
36
bruise
change color from red, to blue, to purple, to yellow damage to BV
37
what type of fibers are most prevalent in connective tissues?
connective tissues
38
what type of cells are in the dermis?
fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages
39
besides the cells, what else makes up the dermis?
blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, glands, lymph vessel,s smooth muscle
40
papillary dermis
thin, upper loose CT; meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors) epidermal ridges (fingerprints for grip)
41
reticular dermis
deep and dense irregular CT; Pacinian Corpuscles (Collagen & Elastic) Cleavage Lines (Tension) Incision - Parallel with the tension = Less gap/scar Stretch Marks (Striae) – areas of rapid growth (Pregnant, Rapid muscle growth)
42
subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
area of attachment from skin to underlying bone and muscle provides skin with blood vessels and nerves
43
what is subcutaneous tissue made up of ?
loose CT with collagen and elastic fibers
44
what does subcutaneous tissue do ?
insulates and pads, acts as an energy source
45
subcutaneous tissue factors
age, sex, diet all have an impact women have more in their thighs, breast, and butt
46
subcutaneous tissue cells
fibroblasts, adipocytes (for protection, insulation. and an alternative energy source), and macrophages
47
what are injections used for?
to inject certain substances into the body via a skin puncture (medication and vaccines)
48
what are the 3 types of injections
intradermal subcutaneous intramuscular
49
intradermal injection
in the dermis for local anesthetics, sensitivity- allergy and tb skin test uses a shallow angle
50
subcutaneous injection
in subcutaneous tissue for insulin, opioids, and allergy meds uses a short needle
51
intramuscular
in the muscle 90 degree angle, long needle used for vaccines , DTaP, rabies, herpes zoster
52
what are examples of accessory structures?
hair, nails, glands
53
hair (pili)
flexible dead protein strands. 3 layers: medulla, cortex, and cuticle hair papilla - has BVs
54
where is hair found on the body?
everywhere except for the palms, soles, lips, nipples, external genitalia, distal fingers and toes.
55
what does the arrector pili do?
smooth muscle that contracts to lift the hair in response to cold
56
nails
clear coated region on he doral distal portion of the digits aids in grasping and itching has a free edge and body anchored under the skin
57
what are the two types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
58
eccrine glands
sweat- cools the body palms, soles, axillae
59
apocrine glands
in axilaes and anogenital region has no odor
60
what are the 4 types of glands?
sweat, mammary, sebaceous, and ceruminosas
61
sebaceous glands
oil (sebum in hair), softens and lubricates skin kills bacteria
62
mammary glands
women, lactation
63
ceruminosas glands
earwax an insect repellent
64
what is a burn?
tissue damage due to excess heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals
65
what happens to the body when there is a burn?
lose boyd fluids, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, renal shutdown, circulatory shock
66
what is the rule of 9s?
determines amount of loss 11 areas with parallel areas (each 9%), genitals= 1%
67
what % body surface area is the entire head and neck?
9%
68
what % body surface area is the entire arm?
9%
69
what % body surface area is the trunk?
36%
70
what % body surface area is the groin?
1%
71
what % body surface area is the entire leg?
18%
72
what degree burns are partial thickness burns?
1st and 2nd degree
73
1st degree burns
only in the epidermis local redness, swollen, pain heals in 2-3 days sunburn
74
2nd degree burn
epidermis and upper dermis red, pain, edema, blisters heals in 3-4 weeks minimal scarring
75
what are considered full thickness burns?
3rd and 4th degree
76
3rd degree burn
epidermis/ dermis and into hypodermis blanched, cherry red, or black no pain skin graft usually needed remove eschar by debridement need abx and synthetic membrane and healthy skin transplant risk of rejection
77
4th degree burn
very severe deeper than subQ tendons, muscles, and bones affected may require amputation
78
what is the burn treatment for a 1st degree burn ?
aloe, topical analgesics, NSAID, ice, moisturizer
79
what is the burn treatment for a 2nd degree burn ?
rinse with cold water until the pain stops, pat dry do not rub, clean burn use ointment to keep moist, use a nonstick bandage
80
what is the burn treatment for a 3rd degree burn ?
high calorie and protein diet go to the hospital, clean and debride, IV fluids and abx, silvadene cream skin graft
81
what is the burn treatment for a 4th degree burn ?
high calorie and protein diet go to the hospital surgery or skin graft possible amputation and lengthy rehab high risk of infection
82
what is the most common cause of skin cancer?
20% of skin cancer is from exposure to UV rays from the sun and tanning beds chemicals, X-rays, and immune system compromise can also cause it
83
what are the three types of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanoma
84
basal cell carcinoma
least malignant, very common (80%) grows slow stratum basale is altered, proliferates into dermis and hypodermis on face - shiny with a central ulcer with a pearly edge. 99% cured with surgery
85
squamous cell carcinoma
second most common, grows fast, metastasizes stratum spinosum keratinocytes scaly, red, raised papule- may be open and bleed found on head and hands treat with surgery/ radiation
86
malignant melanoma
least common, 40% develop from preexisting moles highly metastatic, resist chemo melanocytes become cancerous 5 year survival rate (5%), reoccurrence is deadly 77% of skin cancer deaths in the US spreading brown-black pigment patch metastasize to lymph and BVs require wide excision surgery
87
what is the ABCDE rule
early detection of melanoma A- asymmetry (uneven appearance) B- boarder irregularity (blurry edges) C- color- pigment varies (blues) D- diameter (>6 mm) E- evolving/ elevation- changes in size, shape, color, elevation, bleeding, itchiness, crusty
88
how can you prevent skin cancer?
UV protective eyewear and clothes, SPF 15+, no tanning beds.

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