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structure and function > chapter 4- tissues part 1 > Flashcards

chapter 4- tissues part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

what are the three ways to determine normal vs abnormal tissues

A

blood/csf, biopsy, autopsy

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3
Q

blood/csf

A

check for sickle cell, bacterial/viral infection

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4
Q

biopsy

A

removal of tissue via surgery or needle for diagnosis

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5
Q

autopsy

A

postmortem exam to determine case of death

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6
Q

what are the three primary germ layers that all human tissues arise from?

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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7
Q

when do embryonic tissues form?

A

gastrulation

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8
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer

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9
Q

where is the endoderm found?

A

GI tract, respitory, and thyroid/ pancreas

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10
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer

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11
Q

where is mesoderm found?

A

muscular and skeletal system, dermis of the skin

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12
Q

which layer is considered “true skin”

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer, gives rise to ALL nervous tissue, in the skin

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14
Q

what are the 4 primary tissue types?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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15
Q

what is tissue?

A

group of cells with the same structure and function

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16
Q

what does connective tissue rely on to stay alive?

A

blood

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17
Q

epithelial tissue

A

predominately cells, covers body surfaces, sits on a bed of CT, avascular, capable of regeneration

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18
Q

apical surface of epithelial tissue

A

free surface, next to space

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19
Q

basal surface of epithelial tissue

A

anchors to connective tissue (basement membrane)
acts like double sides tape

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20
Q

cell connections

A

anchor cells to one another and to the basement membrane
bound to each other but permeable

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21
Q

functions of cell connections

A

mechanically bind cells together
form permeability barrier
mechanism for intracellular communication

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22
Q

cell connection types

A

desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
tight junctions

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23
Q

desmosomes

A

bind epithelial cells together
found in areas of mechanical stress (epidermis-where bruises occur)

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24
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

bind cells to basement membrane (connective tissue)
anchors to prevent movement of tissues

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25
Q

tight junctions

A

anchor class to one another, columnar cells in GI
form barriers to molecule movement between epithelial cells (things cannot go between the gap) (keeps water/ bacteria out)
allows for give

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26
Q

adhesion belts

A

found just below tight junctions, help tight junctions anchor epithelial cells to each other

27
Q

gap junctions

A

allow intracellular communication, contact region with protein channels that allow small molecules to go between the cells
(whisper through the wall)

28
Q

intercalated discs

A

found in cardiac muscle
electric signaling, consists of gap junctions and desmosomes that maintain cell contact with one another
boundaries of cardiac muscle cells

29
Q

functions of epithelial cells

A

protection (of underlying structures)
acts as a barrier (for water)
diffusion (gases)
filtration (kidney)
secretion (sweat, mucous)
absorption (PM has carrier proteins that regulate entry)

30
Q

specializations of epithelial cells

A

goblet cells
cilia
microvilli

31
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

32
Q

what does cilia do?

A

move mucus on apical surface

33
Q

what does microvilli do?

A

increase absorption on apical surface

34
Q

locations of epithelial tissue

A

skin (epidermis)
mucus membranes
lines digestive and respiratory tract
lines heart and blood vessels
lines body cavities

35
Q

exocrine

A

glandular
secretes to surface area of skin/organ (sweat, oil, saliva, live and pancreatic secretions)

36
Q

endocrine

A

ductless gland
secretes into blood (hormones)

37
Q

how is epithelium classified ?

A

of layers and shape

38
Q

how many layers can epithelium have?

A

simple = 1 layer (4 types)
stratified = >1 (4 types)

39
Q

what types of shape can epithelial cells be?

A

squamous (flattened)
cuboidal (cube)
columnar (column)
pseudostratified ( 1 layer of columnar cells but looks like multiple, has cilia on top)

40
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

1 layer of flat cells, nuclei horizontally distended
lot of surface area allows for gas diffusion

41
Q

what is the role of simple squamous epithelium?

A

diffusion, filtration, secretion, and protects from friction

42
Q

where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

heart, BV, lung alveoli, kidney tubules, serous membrane linings

43
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

1 layer of cube shaped cells, microvilli seen in kidney tubules, cilia in lung bronchioles
high metabolism and mitosis

44
Q

what is the role of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption by kidney tubules, secretion by glands, movement of mucus

45
Q

where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

kidney tubules, glands/ducts, choroid plexus of brain, ovarian surface, lining of terminal bronchioles of lungs

46
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

1 layer of columnar cells, cilia in lung bronchioles and uterine tubes, microvilli in intestines, tight junctions join cells

47
Q

what is the role of simple columnar epithelium ?

A

movement of mucus, help move oocyte through uterine tube, secretion by glands, stomach, intestine, and absorption by intestines

48
Q

where are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

glands/ducts, lung bronchioles, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, and intestines

49
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

1 layer of columnar cells, some to apical surface others do not.
nuclei NOT uniform, at different levels
cells ciliated, goblet cells seen
tight junctions join cells

50
Q

what is the role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium ?

A

making, secreting, and moving mucus

51
Q

where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

nasal cavity/sinuses, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi

52
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

several layers thick, flattened cells at surface to cuboidal in basal layer, could be keratinized or not

53
Q

nonkeratinized pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

moist and have the nucleus and cytoplasm intact still

54
Q

what is the role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection from abrasion, barrier from infection, reduces water loss from body

55
Q

where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

in skin epidermis, and nonkeratinized is in most, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina

56
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

multiple layers of cube shaped cells

57
Q

what is the role of stratified cuboidal epithelium ?

A

secretion, absorption, protection against infection

58
Q

where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

sweat and salivary gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells

59
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

multiple layers of columnar sitting on cube shaped cells
ciliated in the larynx

60
Q

what is the role of stratified columnar epithelium ?

A

secretion and protection

61
Q

where are stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

mammary glands ducts, larynx, part of male urethra

62
Q

transitional epithelium

A

stratified cells look cuboidal when not stretched and squamous when distended by fluid

63
Q

what is the role of transitional epithelium ?

A

accommodation of flux of fluid volume, protects against caustic effects of urine

64
Q

where are transitional epithelium found?

A

lining of the urinary bladder, ureter, and upper urethra

structure and function (7 decks)

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