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structure and function > chapter 4- tissues part 1 > Flashcards

chapter 4- tissues part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

what are the three ways to determine normal vs abnormal tissues

A

blood/csf, biopsy, autopsy

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3
Q

blood/csf

A

check for sickle cell, bacterial/viral infection

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4
Q

biopsy

A

removal of tissue via surgery or needle for diagnosis

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5
Q

autopsy

A

postmortem exam to determine case of death

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6
Q

what are the three primary germ layers that all human tissues arise from?

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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7
Q

when do embryonic tissues form?

A

gastrulation

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8
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer

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9
Q

where is the endoderm found?

A

GI tract, respitory, and thyroid/ pancreas

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10
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer

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11
Q

where is mesoderm found?

A

muscular and skeletal system, dermis of the skin

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12
Q

which layer is considered “true skin”

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer, gives rise to ALL nervous tissue, in the skin

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14
Q

what are the 4 primary tissue types?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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15
Q

what is tissue?

A

group of cells with the same structure and function

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16
Q

what does connective tissue rely on to stay alive?

A

blood

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17
Q

epithelial tissue

A

predominately cells, covers body surfaces, sits on a bed of CT, avascular, capable of regeneration

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18
Q

apical surface of epithelial tissue

A

free surface, next to space

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19
Q

basal surface of epithelial tissue

A

anchors to connective tissue (basement membrane)
acts like double sides tape

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20
Q

cell connections

A

anchor cells to one another and to the basement membrane
bound to each other but permeable

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21
Q

functions of cell connections

A

mechanically bind cells together
form permeability barrier
mechanism for intracellular communication

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22
Q

cell connection types

A

desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
tight junctions

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23
Q

desmosomes

A

bind epithelial cells together
found in areas of mechanical stress (epidermis-where bruises occur)

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24
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

bind cells to basement membrane (connective tissue)
anchors to prevent movement of tissues

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25
tight junctions
anchor class to one another, columnar cells in GI form barriers to molecule movement between epithelial cells (things cannot go between the gap) (keeps water/ bacteria out) allows for give
26
adhesion belts
found just below tight junctions, help tight junctions anchor epithelial cells to each other
27
gap junctions
allow intracellular communication, contact region with protein channels that allow small molecules to go between the cells (whisper through the wall)
28
intercalated discs
found in cardiac muscle electric signaling, consists of gap junctions and desmosomes that maintain cell contact with one another boundaries of cardiac muscle cells
29
functions of epithelial cells
protection (of underlying structures) acts as a barrier (for water) diffusion (gases) filtration (kidney) secretion (sweat, mucous) absorption (PM has carrier proteins that regulate entry)
30
specializations of epithelial cells
goblet cells cilia microvilli
31
what do goblet cells do?
secrete mucus
32
what does cilia do?
move mucus on apical surface
33
what does microvilli do?
increase absorption on apical surface
34
locations of epithelial tissue
skin (epidermis) mucus membranes lines digestive and respiratory tract lines heart and blood vessels lines body cavities
35
exocrine
glandular secretes to surface area of skin/organ (sweat, oil, saliva, live and pancreatic secretions)
36
endocrine
ductless gland secretes into blood (hormones)
37
how is epithelium classified ?
of layers and shape
38
how many layers can epithelium have?
simple = 1 layer (4 types) stratified = >1 (4 types)
39
what types of shape can epithelial cells be?
squamous (flattened) cuboidal (cube) columnar (column) pseudostratified ( 1 layer of columnar cells but looks like multiple, has cilia on top)
40
simple squamous epithelium
1 layer of flat cells, nuclei horizontally distended lot of surface area allows for gas diffusion
41
what is the role of simple squamous epithelium?
diffusion, filtration, secretion, and protects from friction
42
where is simple squamous epithelium found?
heart, BV, lung alveoli, kidney tubules, serous membrane linings
43
simple cuboidal epithelium
1 layer of cube shaped cells, microvilli seen in kidney tubules, cilia in lung bronchioles high metabolism and mitosis
44
what is the role of simple cuboidal epithelium?
secretion and absorption by kidney tubules, secretion by glands, movement of mucus
45
where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?
kidney tubules, glands/ducts, choroid plexus of brain, ovarian surface, lining of terminal bronchioles of lungs
46
simple columnar epithelium
1 layer of columnar cells, cilia in lung bronchioles and uterine tubes, microvilli in intestines, tight junctions join cells
47
what is the role of simple columnar epithelium ?
movement of mucus, help move oocyte through uterine tube, secretion by glands, stomach, intestine, and absorption by intestines
48
where are simple columnar epithelium found?
glands/ducts, lung bronchioles, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, and intestines
49
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
1 layer of columnar cells, some to apical surface others do not. nuclei NOT uniform, at different levels cells ciliated, goblet cells seen tight junctions join cells
50
what is the role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium ?
making, secreting, and moving mucus
51
where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
nasal cavity/sinuses, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
52
stratified squamous epithelium
several layers thick, flattened cells at surface to cuboidal in basal layer, could be keratinized or not
53
nonkeratinized pseudostratified columnar epithelium
moist and have the nucleus and cytoplasm intact still
54
what is the role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
protection from abrasion, barrier from infection, reduces water loss from body
55
where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
in skin epidermis, and nonkeratinized is in most, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina
56
stratified cuboidal epithelium
multiple layers of cube shaped cells
57
what is the role of stratified cuboidal epithelium ?
secretion, absorption, protection against infection
58
where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
sweat and salivary gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells
59
stratified columnar epithelium
multiple layers of columnar sitting on cube shaped cells ciliated in the larynx
60
what is the role of stratified columnar epithelium ?
secretion and protection
61
where are stratified columnar epithelium found?
mammary glands ducts, larynx, part of male urethra
62
transitional epithelium
stratified cells look cuboidal when not stretched and squamous when distended by fluid
63
what is the role of transitional epithelium ?
accommodation of flux of fluid volume, protects against caustic effects of urine
64
where are transitional epithelium found?
lining of the urinary bladder, ureter, and upper urethra

structure and function (9 decks)

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