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chapter 12- spinal cord and spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

which nervous system is the spinal cord part of ?

A

CNS

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2
Q

spinal cord

A

major communication betweeb brain and PNS
integration of information and produces responses through reflex mechanisms
can make decisions

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3
Q

how far does the spinal cord extend from?

A

base of the brain (foramen magnum) to 2nd lumbar vertebrae level

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4
Q

what is the shape of the spinal cord?

A

tapers from conus medullaris, wider at the top with 2 areas of enlargement
separates into caudal equina

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5
Q

cervical enlargement

A

nerve fibers to/ from upper limbs

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6
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

nerve fibers to/from lower limbs

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7
Q

is the spinal cord longer or shorter than the vertebral column?

A

shorter- prevents it from growing as rapidly during development

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8
Q

what are the components of the spinal cord?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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9
Q

filium terminale

A

CT strand anchors conus medullaris to 1st coccygeal vertebra (limits superior movement)

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10
Q

what does the spinal cord give rise to?

A

31 pair of spinal nerves, exits vertebrae via intervertebral and sacral foramina

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11
Q

what are the meninges?

A

form of protection
3 thin CT membranes that cover and protect the CNS, enclose venous sinuses, contains CSF dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

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12
Q

dura mater

A

epidural space (between bone and dura mater)
“tough mother”- strong

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13
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

superficial periosteal layer
meningeal dura mater

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14
Q

superficial periosteal layer

A

not in the spinal cord
deeper meningeal layer
separates to enclose dural venous sinuses
(collects blood from brain and jugular neck veins)

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15
Q

meningeal dura mater

A

forms dural septa *limits xs brain movement)
follows indentations, doesn’t stay close to the bone

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16
Q

falx cerebri

A

longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

falx cerebelli

A

traverse fissure between cerebrum and cerebellum

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18
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

transverse fissure between cerebrum and cerebellum

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19
Q

arachnoid mater

A

2nd mater
subdural space (between dura and arachnoid mater)
arachnoid granulations protrude into superior sagittal sinus
absorbs CSF into venous blood of sinus

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20
Q

pia mater

A

subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater)
spiderweb-like, BV’s and CSF here
“gentle mother” delicate with tiny blood vessels
clings to brain, cannot be removed

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21
Q

meningitis

A

meningeal inflammation
caused by bacteria or virus ], ID CSF via lumbar tap

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22
Q

lumbar puncture

A

spinal tap
remove CSF from subarachnoid space
abx / support to prevent spread to CNS= encephalitis

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23
Q

if a needle is inserted into L3/4 and L4/5, where is it entering?

A

below the conus medullar is of spinal cord, in cauda equina

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24
Q

where does the subarachnoid space go to?

A

level S2 of the vertebral column

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25
what happens if a needle is inserted with CSF present?
nerve fibers move away from the needle
26
spinal anesthesia (block)
meds block AP transmission inject into subarachnoid space prevents pain in the lower body region advantage is stronger anesthesia into CSF- faster effect, "quick hitter"
27
epidural anesthesia
needle not through the dura mater, drugs infuse into CSF advantage is you can administer drugs through a catheter slow and steady, less dangerous
28
what does spinal cord x-section consist of?
outer white matter and deep gray matter
29
white matter
consists of myelinated axons nerve tracts
30
gray matter
consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons
31
what do the anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus do?
separates the halves
32
what are the three columns (funiculi) of the white matter ?
ventral, dorsal, and lateral subdivided into tracts
33
what is a tract?
collection of axons in the CNS
34
what is the PNS equivalents of a tract?
nerve
35
components of the gray matter
dorsal, ventral, and lateral horn (T&L cord) gray commissureconnects halves central canal (CSF)
36
what do spinal nerves arise from?
central and dorsal root
37
what do the dorsal root ganglion house?
sensory cell bodies (afferent) ventral = efferent
38
what is a reflex?
automatic response to a stimulus no conscious thought drives it
39
protective / somatic reflexes
painful stimuli response to minimize damage
40
autonomic reflexes
maintains homeostasis *stable bp
41
where is the reflex arc?
the spinal cord basic functional unit of NS
42
what are the 5 steps of reflex?
1. stimulus 2. sensory (afferent) neuron 3. integration center (interneuron) 4. motor (efferent) neuron 5. effector
43
motorsynaptic
1 synapse
44
polysynaptic
more than 1 synapse interneuron
45
stretch reflex
simplest reflex muscle spindle is the sensory receptor- skeletal muscle fibers
46
knee jerk reflex (patellar)
patellar tap cause quads to stretch muscle spindle receptors in muscles stretch, activating stretch reflex tested with reflex hammer
47
what does an exaggerated response mean
possible brain injury
48
what does a diminished response mean?
possible injury to the spinal cord
49
where does the gamma motor neuron attach?
ends of spindle and allows it to reset to detect further stretch
50
polysnaptic reflex
more complex, more than 1 synapse
51
what do polysynaptic reflexes do?
prevents falls by shifting weight
52
withdrawal reflex
flexor response to painful stimulus removes body part from stimulus by excitatory interneurons sending message to flexor muscles in lower extremity
53
crossed extensor reflex
simultaneously the opposite leg has excitatory interneurons stimulating extensor muscles to support the body on 1 leg as injured foot is withdrawn
54
what are the components of the PNS/ spinal nerves
axon, fascicle, nerve
55
axon
delicate loose areolar CT surrounded by andoneurium
56
fascicle
axons are packaged into a fascicle which is surrounded by perineurium (made of dense irregular CT)
57
how thick can the perineurium be?
up to 15 layers of concentric cell layers
58
nerve
epineruiem ends fascicles together which forms a nerve (made of dense irregular CT)
59
what helps make nerves tough?
CT coverings
60
what are spinal nerves part of ?
the PNS, 31 pair, emanate from spinal cord
61
how are spinal nerves named?
according to where they emerge from the spinal cord
62
cervical spinal nerves
8 C1-C8 C1 exists between skull and C1 vertebrae
63
Thoracic spinal nerves
12 T1-T12
64
lumbar spinal nerves
5 L1-L5
65
sacral spinal nerves
5 S1-S5 all exit from sacrum through sacral foramina
66
coccygeal spinal nerves
1 Co
67
what do spinal nerve roots connect?
PNS to spinal cord
68
spinal roots
arise from longitudinal rows of rootlets attached to each side of th spinal cord leave spinal cord at anterolateral and posterolateral sulci
69
do spinal nerves become longer or shorter from superior to inferior cord?
longer
70
what are cervical spinal nerves like?
short, run horizontal
71
what are lumbar and sacral spinal nerves like?
run inferiorly as cauda equina pre exit of vertebral column
72
how many rootlets does the spinal cord have?
8 that unite to form ventral or dorsal root of spinal nerve
73
ventral root
motor (efferent) fibers arise from ventral horn motor neurons skeletal muscles
74
dorsal root
sensory (afferent) fibers arise from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) spinal cord
75
spinal nerve
short (1-2 cm) quickly branches into dorsal, ventral ramus and meningeal branch (back into vertebral canal and innervates meninges and BV's)
76
dorsal rami
innervate deep muscles of dorsal trunk (move vertebrae) also innervates CT and skin near midline back
77
what are the 2 ways of distribution of the ventral rami ?
1. thoracic region- forms intercostal nerves, innervates intercostal muscles and skin of the thorax 2. remaining spinal nerves from 5 major plexuses
78
communicating rami
thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord carry axons associated with sympathetic ANS

structure and function (9 decks)

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