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structure and function > chapter 12- spinal cord and spinal nerves > Flashcards

chapter 12- spinal cord and spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

which nervous system is the spinal cord part of ?

A

CNS

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2
Q

spinal cord

A

major communication betweeb brain and PNS
integration of information and produces responses through reflex mechanisms
can make decisions

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3
Q

how far does the spinal cord extend from?

A

base of the brain (foramen magnum) to 2nd lumbar vertebrae level

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4
Q

what is the shape of the spinal cord?

A

tapers from conus medullaris, wider at the top with 2 areas of enlargement
separates into caudal equina

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5
Q

cervical enlargement

A

nerve fibers to/ from upper limbs

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6
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

nerve fibers to/from lower limbs

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7
Q

is the spinal cord longer or shorter than the vertebral column?

A

shorter- prevents it from growing as rapidly during development

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8
Q

what are the components of the spinal cord?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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9
Q

filium terminale

A

CT strand anchors conus medullaris to 1st coccygeal vertebra (limits superior movement)

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10
Q

what does the spinal cord give rise to?

A

31 pair of spinal nerves, exits vertebrae via intervertebral and sacral foramina

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11
Q

what are the meninges?

A

form of protection
3 thin CT membranes that cover and protect the CNS, enclose venous sinuses, contains CSF dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

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12
Q

dura mater

A

epidural space (between bone and dura mater)
“tough mother”- strong

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13
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

superficial periosteal layer
meningeal dura mater

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14
Q

superficial periosteal layer

A

not in the spinal cord
deeper meningeal layer
separates to enclose dural venous sinuses
(collects blood from brain and jugular neck veins)

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15
Q

meningeal dura mater

A

forms dural septa *limits xs brain movement)
follows indentations, doesn’t stay close to the bone

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16
Q

falx cerebri

A

longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

falx cerebelli

A

traverse fissure between cerebrum and cerebellum

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18
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

transverse fissure between cerebrum and cerebellum

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19
Q

arachnoid mater

A

2nd mater
subdural space (between dura and arachnoid mater)
arachnoid granulations protrude into superior sagittal sinus
absorbs CSF into venous blood of sinus

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20
Q

pia mater

A

subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater)
spiderweb-like, BV’s and CSF here
“gentle mother” delicate with tiny blood vessels
clings to brain, cannot be removed

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21
Q

meningitis

A

meningeal inflammation
caused by bacteria or virus ], ID CSF via lumbar tap

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22
Q

lumbar puncture

A

spinal tap
remove CSF from subarachnoid space
abx / support to prevent spread to CNS= encephalitis

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23
Q

if a needle is inserted into L3/4 and L4/5, where is it entering?

A

below the conus medullar is of spinal cord, in cauda equina

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24
Q

where does the subarachnoid space go to?

A

level S2 of the vertebral column

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25
Q

what happens if a needle is inserted with CSF present?

A

nerve fibers move away from the needle

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26
Q

spinal anesthesia (block)

A

meds block AP transmission inject into subarachnoid space
prevents pain in the lower body region
advantage is stronger anesthesia into CSF- faster effect, “quick hitter”

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27
Q

epidural anesthesia

A

needle not through the dura mater, drugs infuse into CSF
advantage is you can administer drugs through a catheter
slow and steady, less dangerous

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28
Q

what does spinal cord x-section consist of?

A

outer white matter and deep gray matter

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29
Q

white matter

A

consists of myelinated axons
nerve tracts

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30
Q

gray matter

A

consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons

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31
Q

what do the anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus do?

A

separates the halves

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32
Q

what are the three columns (funiculi) of the white matter ?

A

ventral, dorsal, and lateral
subdivided into tracts

33
Q

what is a tract?

A

collection of axons in the CNS

34
Q

what is the PNS equivalents of a tract?

A

nerve

35
Q

components of the gray matter

A

dorsal, ventral, and lateral horn (T&L cord)
gray commissureconnects halves
central canal (CSF)

36
Q

what do spinal nerves arise from?

A

central and dorsal root

37
Q

what do the dorsal root ganglion house?

A

sensory cell bodies (afferent)
ventral = efferent

38
Q

what is a reflex?

A

automatic response to a stimulus
no conscious thought drives it

39
Q

protective / somatic reflexes

A

painful stimuli response to minimize damage

40
Q

autonomic reflexes

A

maintains homeostasis
*stable bp

41
Q

where is the reflex arc?

A

the spinal cord
basic functional unit of NS

42
Q

what are the 5 steps of reflex?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensory (afferent) neuron
  3. integration center (interneuron)
  4. motor (efferent) neuron
  5. effector
43
Q

motorsynaptic

A

1 synapse

44
Q

polysynaptic

A

more than 1 synapse
interneuron

45
Q

stretch reflex

A

simplest reflex
muscle spindle is the sensory receptor- skeletal muscle fibers

46
Q

knee jerk reflex (patellar)

A

patellar tap cause quads to stretch
muscle spindle receptors in muscles stretch, activating stretch reflex
tested with reflex hammer

47
Q

what does an exaggerated response mean

A

possible brain injury

48
Q

what does a diminished response mean?

A

possible injury to the spinal cord

49
Q

where does the gamma motor neuron attach?

A

ends of spindle and allows it to reset to detect further stretch

50
Q

polysnaptic reflex

A

more complex, more than 1 synapse

51
Q

what do polysynaptic reflexes do?

A

prevents falls by shifting weight

52
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

flexor response to painful stimulus
removes body part from stimulus by excitatory interneurons sending message to flexor muscles in lower extremity

53
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

simultaneously the opposite leg has excitatory interneurons stimulating extensor muscles to support the body on 1 leg as injured foot is withdrawn

54
Q

what are the components of the PNS/ spinal nerves

A

axon, fascicle, nerve

55
Q

axon

A

delicate loose areolar CT
surrounded by andoneurium

56
Q

fascicle

A

axons are packaged into a fascicle which is surrounded by perineurium (made of dense irregular CT)

57
Q

how thick can the perineurium be?

A

up to 15 layers of concentric cell layers

58
Q

nerve

A

epineruiem ends fascicles together which forms a nerve (made of dense irregular CT)

59
Q

what helps make nerves tough?

A

CT coverings

60
Q

what are spinal nerves part of ?

A

the PNS, 31 pair, emanate from spinal cord

61
Q

how are spinal nerves named?

A

according to where they emerge from the spinal cord

62
Q

cervical spinal nerves

A

8
C1-C8
C1 exists between skull and C1 vertebrae

63
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves

A

12
T1-T12

64
Q

lumbar spinal nerves

A

5
L1-L5

65
Q

sacral spinal nerves

A

5
S1-S5
all exit from sacrum through sacral foramina

66
Q

coccygeal spinal nerves

A

1
Co

67
Q

what do spinal nerve roots connect?

A

PNS to spinal cord

68
Q

spinal roots

A

arise from longitudinal rows of rootlets attached to each side of th spinal cord
leave spinal cord at anterolateral and posterolateral sulci

69
Q

do spinal nerves become longer or shorter from superior to inferior cord?

A

longer

70
Q

what are cervical spinal nerves like?

A

short, run horizontal

71
Q

what are lumbar and sacral spinal nerves like?

A

run inferiorly as cauda equina pre exit of vertebral column

72
Q

how many rootlets does the spinal cord have?

A

8 that unite to form ventral or dorsal root of spinal nerve

73
Q

ventral root

A

motor (efferent) fibers arise from ventral horn motor neurons
skeletal muscles

74
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory (afferent) fibers arise from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
spinal cord

75
Q

spinal nerve

A

short (1-2 cm)
quickly branches into dorsal, ventral ramus and meningeal branch (back into vertebral canal and innervates meninges and BV’s)

76
Q

dorsal rami

A

innervate deep muscles of dorsal trunk (move vertebrae)
also innervates CT and skin near midline back

77
Q

what are the 2 ways of distribution of the ventral rami ?

A
  1. thoracic region- forms intercostal nerves, innervates intercostal muscles and skin of the thorax
  2. remaining spinal nerves from 5 major plexuses
78
Q

communicating rami

A

thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord carry axons associated with sympathetic ANS

structure and function (9 decks)

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