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structure and function > chapter 3- cell bio > Flashcards

chapter 3- cell bio Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cell?

A

the basic structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates internal and external environment, outer boundary. Area of connection with other cells- facilitates communication

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

area between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, contains organelles that perform specific roles

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol, with proteins attached/embedded. Polar heads with non polar tails

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5
Q

when is diffusion possible?

A

with gases, steroids, H2O

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6
Q

how does everything else that can’t use diffusion get through?

A

uses a channel or transporter to get through

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7
Q

selectively permeable

A

allows some things through and not others

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8
Q

what are the types of membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

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9
Q

integral proteins

A

deep in lipid bilayer, some extend the full thickness (transmembrane proteins), act as transporters

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10
Q

ion channels

A

specialized transporters that help ions travel through

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11
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attatches to inner/outer surface of lipid bilayer, not part of the membrane

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12
Q

example of a peripheral protein

A

glycoprotein

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13
Q

what are the 3 cell transport mechanisms ?

A

passive, active, and vesicular

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14
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require energy

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15
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

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16
Q

vesicular transport

A

uses vesicles to move things in and out of the cell, requires energy

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17
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

passive diffusion
moves from high to low concentration, energy is released but not required, moves down the concentration gradient

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18
Q

where in the body can simple diffusion be seen ?

A

alveoli in the lungs

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19
Q

what are the types of passive diffusion?

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

what is osmosis the diffusion of?

A

water

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21
Q

osmosis

A

not solute is moving, movement of water to reach equilibrium.
equal ratio of water to solute on both sides

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22
Q

hypotonic solution

A

more water than solute in solution, too much water enters the RBC and causes it to burst

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23
Q

isotonic solution

A

concentration of solute in solution is equal to the concentration in the RBC. No net movement of water and RBC shape remains the same

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24
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution has a higher solute concentration than water, causes RBC to shrink

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25
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport
no ATP needed, carrier proteins move molecules down the concentration gradient from high to low.
energy is released

26
Q

example of facilitated transport

A

glucose transport. insulin mediated

27
Q

active transport

A

need energy to occur, moves molecules UP concentration gradient, move low to high concentration
uses protein carriers such as a pump

28
Q

vesicular transport examples

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis (RME)

29
Q

what is endocytosis ?

A

the process of things entering cells

30
Q

phagocytosis

A

solid particles taken in, cell eating, requires energy

31
Q

pinocytosis

A

liquid particles taken in via invagination, requires energy

32
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

bind to receptors and use vesicles to bring multiple particles in bulk, requires input of energy

33
Q

example of vesicular transport

A

exocytosis

34
Q

exocytosis

A

moves molecules out of the cell, secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and releases the contents
requires energy
seen with neurotransmitter release, hormone release from endocrine and exocrine gland

35
Q

cytoplasm

A

liquid content inside the cell, organelles float within this area, cytosol is the fluid portion

36
Q

what does the cytoplasm consist of?

A

water, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids

37
Q

what does the cytoplasm do?

A

removes waste products, aids in cellular respiration, and holds shape

38
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural support, generates movement

39
Q

what makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

40
Q

microtubules

A

lines cells up, intracellular movement, generates beings

41
Q

microfilaments

A

movement and support, arrangement

42
Q

intermediate filaments

A

strength, provides stability

43
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores that allow molecules to go from nucleus to cytoplasm
contains DNA

44
Q

ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis, found on rough ER or floating freely

45
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

close to nucleus
RER and SER

46
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes
protein synthesis

47
Q

Smooth ER

A

steroid hormone synthesis, cell detox
protective role

48
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

sites of protein synthesis, flattened sacs, packages proteins, distribution center

49
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, provides ATP, Cristae foldings

50
Q

secretory vesicles

A

pinch off golgi to cell membrane and exocytosis occurs

51
Q

lysosomes

A

suicide sacs, contains hydrolytic enzymes, digest phagocytized material, also digests dysfunctional organelles
(destroys cancer cells)

52
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes that breakdown fatty acids and amino acids
breakdown by catalase enzymes
found in liver and kidney cells

53
Q

examples of specializations

A

cilia, flagella, and microvilli

54
Q

cilia

A

hair seen pn the surface of cells, capable of movement
seen in respiratory tract and female reproductive tract
moves mucus out of trachea

55
Q

flagella

A

long projection, seen on sperm cells, allow movement for fertilization

56
Q

microvilli

A

projection on top surface, increases surface area
seen in intestine, kidney, and other absorption areas

57
Q

fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid (60%)
extracellular (40%)

58
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid in the cytoplasm, largest fluid compartment, 2/3 of body fluid

59
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside of cells, 1/3 of body
80% of ECF is interstitial fluid includes lymphatic vessels
20% of ECF makes up plasma volume in bloodstream
CSF and synovia fluid

60
Q

fluid shifts

A

regulates body, compensatory shifting

61
Q

how does exercise affect fluid shifts ?

A

exercise= fluid shifts from plasma, IF compensates for sweating
stop exercise= fluid shifts back

structure and function (7 decks)

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