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AP class > chapter 6 skeletal muscle > Flashcards

chapter 6 skeletal muscle Flashcards

1
Q

framework for the body

A

support

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2
Q

of vital organs (cranium protects brain, thoracic cage protects heart and lungs, etc.)

A

protection

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3
Q

muscles use bones as levers . The arrangement of bones and joints allows for different types ?

A

movement

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4
Q

especially calcium and phosphate, minerals can be deposited in bones and released into blood when needed

A

mineral storage

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5
Q

hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow cavities

A

Blood Cell Formation

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6
Q

yellow bone marrow contains adipocytes, which store triglycerides

A

Fat Storage

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7
Q

Initially (i.e., during development), the human skeleton is composed of ? and ? that are replaced by ?

A

cartilage and membranes

bones

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8
Q

all bones come from ?

A

cartilage

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9
Q

Skeletal Cartilage is:
made mostly of ?
surrounded by?

A

Resilient
Not vascular nor innervated
Made mostly of water
Surrounded by dense irregular CT (perichondrium) to support cartilage when it is compressed & provide blood supply/nutrients

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10
Q

cartilage cells are called

A

Chondrocytes

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11
Q

cavities that hold chondrocytes are

A

Lacunae

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12
Q

jellylike ground substance around cells are

A

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

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13
Q

what are the 3 Types of Skeletal Cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

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14
Q

what skeletal cartilage is the most abundant

A

hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

hyaline cartilage contains what kind of fibers in the ECM

A

collagen

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16
Q

example of hyaline cartilage that cover ends of bones @ movable joints

A

articular cartilage

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17
Q

example of hyaline cartilage that connect ribs to sternum

A

costal cartilage

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18
Q

example of hyaline cartilage that form larynx and support resp. structures

A

respiratory cartilage

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19
Q

example of hyaline cartilage that support external nose

A

Nasal cartilage

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20
Q

Type of skeletal cartilage that contain elastic fibers and are stretchy

A

Elastic cartilage

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21
Q

examples and location of where you can find Elastic cartilage

A

External ear & epiglottis

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22
Q

fibrocartilage have parallel rows of ? that are alternating with thick ? fibers

A

chondrocytes

collagen

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23
Q

Examples/Locations: where there’s heavy pressure & stretch with fibrocartilage

A

Menisci (pad cartilages of knee)

 Intervertebral discs

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24
Q

long bones
shape?
example?

A

longer then they are wide

most limb bones

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25
Q

the epiphyses of long bone is called

A

ends

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26
Q

the diaphysis of long bone is called

A

shaft

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27
Q

Short bones
shape?
example?

A

Roughly cube shaped

 Wrist, ankles, petella

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28
Q

the special short bone formed in a tendon is called? and are located where?

A

sesamoid bone

petella

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29
Q

flat bone
shape?
example?

A

 Thin, flat, sometimes curved

 Ex. – sternum, skull bones, ribs, scapulae

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30
Q

Irregular bone
Shape?
Example?

A

 Complex shapes

 Ex. – vertebrae

31
Q

The diaphysis has a medullary cavity that contains ?

A

red/yellow bone marrow

32
Q

What is the interior and exterior like with epiphyses of the bone

A

Compact bone on exterior, spongy on interior

33
Q

with the eipiphyses of the bone the joint surfaces are covered in

A

articular (hyaline) cartilage

34
Q

with the growth plate the diaphysis and epiphyses meet at the ?

A

Epiphyseal line/plate (growth plate)

35
Q

part of the long bone that has a double layered membrane surrounding entire bone except joint surfaces

A

periosteum

36
Q

the inner and outer layer of the periosteum consists of?

A

Outer layer – fibrous, dense irregular CT

 Inner layer – osteogenic, touches the bone surface

37
Q

the inner layer of periosteum is made up of?

A

Made of osteoblasts (bone forming cells) & osteoclasts (bone destroying cells)

38
Q

with the periosteum the Innervated, vascular, lymph vessels – all enter bone at the ?

A

nutrient foramen

39
Q

what part of the bone is an Anchor point for tendons and ligaments

A

periosteum

40
Q

part of the long bone that has a thin CT covering internal surfaces of bone
 Made of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

endosteum

41
Q

the structural unit of compact bone, pillars (like straws) run length of bone is called

A

Osteon

42
Q

part of the compact bone that make up concentric tubes, like growth rings on tree trunk

A

Lamellae

43
Q

fibers of lamellae run in opposite directions allowing the compact bone to withstand torsion stresses (“twister resister”)

A

Collagen fibers

44
Q

canal/core of osteon (compact bone), contains blood vessels & nerve fibers

A

Haversian (Central) Canal

45
Q

canal that run perpendicular to Haversian canals to connect blood vessels and nerves of the compact bone

A

Volkmann’s (Perforating) Canals

46
Q

cavities at lamellar junctions, hold osteocytes of the compact bone

A

Lacuna

47
Q

mature bone cells, spider-shaped are called

A

Osteocytes

48
Q

connect lacunae and Haversian canal, allow cells access to nutrients from blood vessels

A

Canaliculi

49
Q

bone-forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

50
Q

bone-destroying cells

A

Osteoclasts

51
Q

mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

52
Q

unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycan, glycoproteins, and collagen (all made by osteoblasts)

A

Osteoid

53
Q

Hydroxyapatites or called

A

mineral salts

54
Q

Hydroxyapatites
are made up of what percentage of bone by mass?
made up of mainly ? (mineral)
? surrounds the collagen fibers in the ECM
Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to?

A

65%
calcium phosphate
crystals
compression

55
Q

Bone tissue formation (ossification, osteogenesis) leads to:

A

 Formation of the bony skeleton in the embryo
 Bone growth until early adulthood
 Bone remodeling and repair
formation, growth,remodeling

56
Q

Before week 8 of embryonic development, the embryonic skeleton is made of what type of cartilage

A

fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage.

57
Q

Formation of the bony skeleton in the embryo can happen in one of two ways:

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

58
Q

ossification of the bone develops from a fibrous membrane (leads to a membrane bone)

A

Intramembranous ossification

59
Q

ossification of the bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage (leads to a cartilage)

A

Endochondral ossification

60
Q

ossification that Forms all bones inferior to skull (except clavicles

A

Endochondral ossification

61
Q

5 steps of endochondral ossification

A

(clean) dirty boys cant pee during erection
0. chondrocytes cells grow hypertrophication
1. Bone collar formation
-around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model and calcification of the hyaline
cartilage within the cartilage model.
2. cavitation
-chondrocytes die and leave cavities in the bone
3. periosteal bud invasion
-nutrients are delieverd to the bone via blood vessels and nerves also enter
4. diaphysis elongation
-Osteoclasts breakdown new spongy bone to open the medullary cavity in center of diaphysis.
5. epiphyseal ossification
-the bone ends develop secondary ossification center

62
Q

5 steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Development of ossification center
    - osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix
  2. calcification/bone matrix
    - calcium and other mineral are depositied and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens)
  3. formation of trabeculae
    - extracellular matrix develops into trabeculaw that fuse to form spongy bone
  4. Periosteum development/spongy bone
    - mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts which form the cartilage model
63
Q

which ossification Begins in 2nd month of development

A

endochondral ossification

64
Q

Requires breakdown of ? prior to endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartalge

65
Q

As adolescence comes to an end, cells of epiphyseal plates divide ? often and are eventually entirely replaced by ?

A

less

bone

66
Q

Longitudinal bone growth ends when the bone of the epiphysis and diaphysis? (epiphyseal plate closure).

A

fuses

67
Q

what kind of growth is where bone is deposited over preexisting bone

A

appositional growth

68
Q

Appositional growth –

 Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete ? Osteoclasts on endosteal surface of diaphysis remove ?

A

secrete bone matrix on external bone surface

bone

69
Q

Rate of breakdown is ? than building rate, so bone becomes ? but some breakdown prevents
it from being too?

A

slower
thicker
heavy

70
Q

Bone remodeling involves

A

adjacent osteoblasts and clasts depositing and resorbing bone at the periosteal and
endosteal surfaces.

71
Q

Remodeling is mediated by 2 control loops:

A
  1. Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood
  2. Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton
72
Q

let’s understand the importance of Calcium:

 Calcium is necessary for:?

A 
Transmission of nerve impulses
 Muscle contraction
 Blood coagulation
 Secretion by glands and nerve cells
 Cell division
73
Q

Bone Remodeling Hormonal Mechanism Maintains Calcium Homeostasis in Blood by?

A

 Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin
 Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
 Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH
 PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood
(PTH = parathyroid hormone)

AP class (18 decks)

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