chapter 6 skeletal muscle Flashcards by sheree weems

framework for the body

support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

of vital organs (cranium protects brain, thoracic cage protects heart and lungs, etc.)

protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

muscles use bones as levers . The arrangement of bones and joints allows for different types ?

movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

especially calcium and phosphate, minerals can be deposited in bones and released into blood when needed

mineral storage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow cavities

Blood Cell Formation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

yellow bone marrow contains adipocytes, which store triglycerides

Fat Storage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Initially (i.e., during development), the human skeleton is composed of ? and ? that are replaced by ?

cartilage and membranes

bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

all bones come from ?

cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skeletal Cartilage is:
made mostly of ?
surrounded by?

Resilient
Not vascular nor innervated
Made mostly of water
Surrounded by dense irregular CT (perichondrium) to support cartilage when it is compressed & provide blood supply/nutrients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cartilage cells are called

Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cavities that hold chondrocytes are

Lacunae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

jellylike ground substance around cells are

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 3 Types of Skeletal Cartilage

hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what skeletal cartilage is the most abundant

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hyaline cartilage contains what kind of fibers in the ECM

collagen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of hyaline cartilage that cover ends of bones @ movable joints

articular cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of hyaline cartilage that connect ribs to sternum

costal cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of hyaline cartilage that form larynx and support resp. structures

respiratory cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of hyaline cartilage that support external nose

Nasal cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type of skeletal cartilage that contain elastic fibers and are stretchy

Elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examples and location of where you can find Elastic cartilage

External ear & epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fibrocartilage have parallel rows of ? that are alternating with thick ? fibers

chondrocytes

collagen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples/Locations: where there’s heavy pressure & stretch with fibrocartilage

Menisci (pad cartilages of knee)

 Intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

long bones
shape?
example?

longer then they are wide

most limb bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the epiphyses of long bone is called

ends

the diaphysis of long bone is called

shaft

Short bones shape? example?

Roughly cube shaped |  Wrist, ankles, petella

the special short bone formed in a tendon is called? and are located where?

sesamoid bone | petella

flat bone shape? example?

 Thin, flat, sometimes curved |  Ex. – sternum, skull bones, ribs, scapulae

Irregular bone Shape? Example?

 Complex shapes |  Ex. – vertebrae

The diaphysis has a medullary cavity that contains ?

red/yellow bone marrow

What is the interior and exterior like with epiphyses of the bone

Compact bone on exterior, spongy on interior

with the eipiphyses of the bone the joint surfaces are covered in

articular (hyaline) cartilage

with the growth plate the diaphysis and epiphyses meet at the ?

Epiphyseal line/plate (growth plate)

part of the long bone that has a double layered membrane surrounding entire bone except joint surfaces

periosteum

the inner and outer layer of the periosteum consists of?

Outer layer – fibrous, dense irregular CT |  Inner layer – osteogenic, touches the bone surface

the inner layer of periosteum is made up of?

Made of osteoblasts (bone forming cells) & osteoclasts (bone destroying cells)

with the periosteum the Innervated, vascular, lymph vessels – all enter bone at the ?

nutrient foramen

what part of the bone is an Anchor point for tendons and ligaments

periosteum

part of the long bone that has a thin CT covering internal surfaces of bone  Made of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

endosteum

the structural unit of compact bone, pillars (like straws) run length of bone is called

Osteon

part of the compact bone that make up concentric tubes, like growth rings on tree trunk

Lamellae

fibers of lamellae run in opposite directions allowing the compact bone to withstand torsion stresses (“twister resister”)

Collagen fibers

canal/core of osteon (compact bone), contains blood vessels & nerve fibers

Haversian (Central) Canal

canal that run perpendicular to Haversian canals to connect blood vessels and nerves of the compact bone

Volkmann’s (Perforating) Canals

cavities at lamellar junctions, hold osteocytes of the compact bone

Lacuna

mature bone cells, spider-shaped are called

Osteocytes

connect lacunae and Haversian canal, allow cells access to nutrients from blood vessels

Canaliculi

bone-forming cells

Osteoblasts

bone-destroying cells

Osteoclasts

mature bone cells

Osteocytes

unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycan, glycoproteins, and collagen (all made by osteoblasts)

Osteoid

Hydroxyapatites or called

mineral salts

Hydroxyapatites are made up of what percentage of bone by mass? made up of mainly ? (mineral) ? surrounds the collagen fibers in the ECM Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to?

65% calcium phosphate crystals compression

Bone tissue formation (ossification, osteogenesis) leads to:

 Formation of the bony skeleton in the embryo  Bone growth until early adulthood  Bone remodeling and repair formation, growth,remodeling

Before week 8 of embryonic development, the embryonic skeleton is made of what type of cartilage

fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage.

Formation of the bony skeleton in the embryo can happen in one of two ways:

Intramembranous ossification | Endochondral ossification

ossification of the bone develops from a fibrous membrane (leads to a membrane bone)

Intramembranous ossification

ossification of the bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage (leads to a cartilage)

Endochondral ossification

ossification that Forms all bones inferior to skull (except clavicles

Endochondral ossification

5 steps of endochondral ossification

(clean) dirty boys cant pee during erection 0. chondrocytes cells grow hypertrophication 1. Bone collar formation -around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model and calcification of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model. 2. cavitation -chondrocytes die and leave cavities in the bone 3. periosteal bud invasion -nutrients are delieverd to the bone via blood vessels and nerves also enter 4. diaphysis elongation -Osteoclasts breakdown new spongy bone to open the medullary cavity in center of diaphysis. 5. epiphyseal ossification -the bone ends develop secondary ossification center

5 steps of intramembranous ossification

1. Development of ossification center - osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix 2. calcification/bone matrix - calcium and other mineral are depositied and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens) 3. formation of trabeculae - extracellular matrix develops into trabeculaw that fuse to form spongy bone 4. Periosteum development/spongy bone - mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts which form the cartilage model

which ossification Begins in 2nd month of development

endochondral ossification

Requires breakdown of ? prior to endochondral ossification

hyaline cartalge

As adolescence comes to an end, cells of epiphyseal plates divide ? often and are eventually entirely replaced by ?

less | bone

Longitudinal bone growth ends when the bone of the epiphysis and diaphysis? (epiphyseal plate closure).

fuses

what kind of growth is where bone is deposited over preexisting bone

appositional growth

Appositional growth – |  Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete ? Osteoclasts on endosteal surface of diaphysis remove ?

secrete bone matrix on external bone surface | bone

Rate of breakdown is ? than building rate, so bone becomes ? but some breakdown prevents it from being too?

slower thicker heavy

Bone remodeling involves

adjacent osteoblasts and clasts depositing and resorbing bone at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces.

Remodeling is mediated by 2 control loops:

1. Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood 2. Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton

let’s understand the importance of Calcium: |  Calcium is necessary for:?

``` Transmission of nerve impulses  Muscle contraction  Blood coagulation  Secretion by glands and nerve cells  Cell division ```

Bone Remodeling Hormonal Mechanism Maintains Calcium Homeostasis in Blood by?

 Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin  Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone  Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH  PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood (PTH = parathyroid hormone)