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AP class > Chapter 10 part 1 muscular system > Flashcards

Chapter 10 part 1 muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to receive and respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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2
Q

the ability to shorten forcibly

A

Contractility

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3
Q

the ability to be stretched or extended

A

Extensibility

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4
Q

the ability to recoil and resume the original resting length

A

Elasticity

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5
Q

electrical signals can be conducted along the sarcolemma

A

Conductivity

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6
Q

Muscle Function:

 Skeletal muscles

A

 are responsible for all locomotion
 maintain posture and body position
 stabilize joints
 generate heat

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7
Q

 Cardiac muscle is responsible for

A

coursing the blood through the body

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8
Q

Smooth muscle helps maintain

A

blood pressure, and squeezes or propels substances (i.e., food, feces) through organ

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9
Q

Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called

A

muscle fibers

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10
Q

Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of

A

myofilaments – actin and myosin

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11
Q

muscle plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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12
Q

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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13
Q

myo, mys, and sarco all refer to muscle

A

Prefixes

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14
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

 Packaged in skeletal muscles that attach to and?

A

and cover the bony skeleton

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15
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Has obvious stripes called?

A

striations

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16
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

has what kind of cells

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells

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17
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Is controlled how

A

voluntary (i.e., by conscious control

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18
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Contracts at what pace

A

rapidly but tires easily

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19
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Is responsible for overall

A

body mobility

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20
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Is extremely adaptable and can exert forces ranging

A

from a fraction of an ounce to over 70 pounds

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21
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

 located only in the

A

heart

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22
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

are shaped

A

Short, wide, branched cells with 1 or 2 nuclei

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23
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

what kind of movement

A

Is striated like skeletal muscle but is not voluntary

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24
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Contracts at a

A

fairly steady rate set by the heart’s pacemaker

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25
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Neural controls allow what kind of responce

A

heart to respond to changes in bodily needs

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26
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

 Found in the walls of

A

hollow visceral organs, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages

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27
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

shape like

A

Spindle shape, uninucleate

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28
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Forces

A

food and other substances through internal body channels

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29
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

movement

A

It is not striated and is involuntary

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30
Q

skeletal muscle

The three connective tissue sheaths are:

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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31
Q

skeletal musclean overcoat of dense regular connective tissue that surrounds the entire
muscle

A

Epimysium

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32
Q

skeletal musclefibrous connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers called
fascicles

A

Perimysium

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33
Q

skeletal musclefine sheath of connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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34
Q

Nerve and Blood Supply to Skeletal Muscle:

Each muscle is served by one

A

nerve, an artery, and one or more veins

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35
Q

Nerve and Blood Supply to Skeletal Muscle:

Each skeletal muscle fiber is supplied with a

A

nerve ending that controls contraction

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36
Q

Nerve and Blood Supply to Skeletal Muscle:

Contracting fibers require

A

continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients via arteries

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37
Q

Nerve and Blood Supply to Skeletal Muscle:

Wastes must be removed via

A

veins

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38
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Each fiber is shaped like

A

a long, cylindrical cell with multiple nuclei just beneath the sarcolemma

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39
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber
(muscle
plasma membrane)

A

sarcolemma

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40
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Fibers are shaped

A

10 to 100 m in diameter, and up to hundreds of centimeters long

41
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

? has numerous glycosomes and a unique oxygen-bindingprotein called?

A

Sarcoplasm

myoglobin

42
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Fibers contain

A

the usual organelles
 myofibrils
 sarcoplasmic reticulum (specialized ER)
 T tubules (extension of sarcolemma into muscle cell)

43
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Myofibrils look like

A

densely packed, rod-like contractile elements

44
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber
myofibrils
They make up most of the

A

muscle volume

45
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

The arrangement of myofibrils within a fiber is such that a

A

perfectly aligned repeating series

of dark A bands and light I bands is evident

46
Q

The smallest contractile unit of a muscle

A

Sarcomeres

47
Q

sarcomeres

The region of a myofibril between

A

two successive Z discs

48
Q

Sarcomeres are composed of ? that are made up of ?

A

myofilaments made up of contractile proteins

49
Q

have are of two types – thick and thin

A

myofilaments

50
Q

extend the entire length of an A band

A

Myofilaments/Filaments:

 Thick filaments

51
Q

extend across the I band and partway into the A band

A

Myofilaments/Filaments:

Thin filaments

52
Q

sheet of proteins (connections) that anchors the thin filaments and connects myofibrils
to one another

A

Myofilaments/Filaments:

z disk

53
Q

appear darker due to the presence of the protein myomesin

A

Myofilaments/Filaments:

m line

54
Q

are composed of myosin

A

Thick filaments

55
Q

Each myosin molecule has a

A

rodlike tail and two globular heads

56
Q

two interwoven, heavy polypeptide chains

A

Tails

57
Q

two smaller, light polypeptide chains called cross bridges

A

heads

58
Q

Thin filaments are chiefly composed of

A

actin

59
Q

Each actin molecule is a

A

helical polymer of globular subunits called G actin

60
Q

The subunits of the actin molecule contain the active sites to which myosin heads attach

A

contraction

61
Q

are regulatory proteins bound to actin

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

62
Q

is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR):

63
Q 
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR):
Stores and releases
A

calcium

64
Q

Deep extensions of the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma

A

T-tubules

65
Q

T-tubules

Conduct impulses to the deepest regions of the?

A

muscle

66
Q

Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the

A

actin and myosin filaments overlap to a

greater degree

67
Q

In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap

A

slightly

68
Q

Upon stimulation, myosin heads bind to

A

actin and sliding begins

69
Q

Each myosin head binds and detaches several times during

A

during contraction, acting like a ratchet to

generate tension and propel the thin filaments to the center of the sarcomere

70
Q

during the contraction As this event occurs throughout the sarcomeres the muscle

A

the muscle shortens

71
Q

In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must

A

a. Be stimulated by a nerve ending
b. Propagate an electrical current, or action potential, along its sarcolemma
c. Have a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels, the final trigger for contraction

72
Q

 Linking the electrical signal to the contraction is

A

excitation-contraction coupling

73
Q

Skeletal muscles are stimulated by

A

motor neurons of the somatic nervous system

74
Q

Axons of these motor neurons travel in

A

nerves to muscle cells

75
Q

Axons of motor neurons branch

A

profusely as they enter muscles

76
Q

Each axonal branch forms a

A

neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber

77
Q

The neuromuscular junction is formed from:

A

Axonal endings

motor end plate of a muscle,

78
Q

? which have small membranous sacs (synaptic vesicles) that contain the neurotransmitter?

A

Axonal endings

acetylcholine (ACh)

79
Q

which is a specific part of the sarcolemma that

contains ACh receptors and helps form the neuromuscular junction

A

motor end plate of a muscle

80
Q

Though exceedingly close, axonal ends and muscle fibers are always separated by a space
called the

A

synaptic cleft

81
Q

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon at the neuromuscular junction what happens

A

Voltage-regulated calcium channels open and allow Ca2+ to enter the axon
 Ca2+ inside the axon terminal causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axonal
membrane

82
Q

synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axonal

membrane, This fusion releases

A

ACh into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis

83
Q

ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft

A

to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma

84
Q

Binding of ACh to its receptors generates an

A

end plate potential

85
Q

ACh bound to ACh receptors is quickly destroyed by the enzyme

A

acetylcholinesterase

86
Q

being destroyed by the enzyme, This destruction prevents continued

A

muscle fiber contraction in the absence of additional

stimuli

87
Q

All cell membranes are

A

polarized

88
Q

with the cell membrane There’s a voltage difference across the membrane
 Inside is more

A

negative relative to the outer membrane face.

89
Q

Role of ACh:

When ACh binds to ACh receptors at the motor end plate

A

gated ion channels for Na-K open.

90
Q

Role of ACh

More Na+ diffuses in than

A

K+ out, temporarily changing the membrane potential

91
Q

Role of ACh

Interior becomes less

A

negative

92
Q

Role of ACh

when the interior does become negative its called

A

depolarization.

93
Q

depolarization

Initially, this is a local electrical event called

A

end plate potential

94
Q

Later, it ignites an action potential that

A

spreads in all directions across the sarcolemma

95
Q

Action Potential: Electrical Conditions of a Polarized Sarcolemma
The outside (extracellular) face is
while the inside face is

A

positive

negative

96
Q

Action Potential: Electrical Conditions of a Polarized Sarcolemma
This difference in charge is the

A

resting membrane potential

97
Q

Action Potential: Electrical Conditions of a Polarized Sarcolemma
The predominant extracellular ion is

A

NA+

98
Q

Action Potential: Electrical Conditions of a Polarized Sarcolemma
The predominant intracellular ion is

A

K+

99
Q

Action Potential: Electrical Conditions of a Polarized
An axonal terminal of a motor neuron releases ACh and causes a patch of the sarcolemma to
become permeable to

A

Na+ (sodium channels open)

AP class (18 decks)

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