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AP class > chapter 17 cardio > Flashcards

chapter 17 cardio Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is located in the

A

mediastinum of the thoracic cavity, specifically in the pericardial cavity.

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2
Q

right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood, pumps blood to the lungs to offload CO2 and pick up O2

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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3
Q

left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood, pumps blood throughout body to supply O2 to tissues and pick up CO2

A

Systemic Circuit

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4
Q

Blood Flow through the Heart

A

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → systemic circuit → inferior and superior vena cava

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5
Q

functional blood supply to the heart muscle

A

Coronary circulation

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6
Q

The heart is surrounded by the two layered pericardium that are called

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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7
Q

what is the name of superficial layer of the heart

A

Fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

what is the name of the inner serous membrane that produces serous fluid of the heart

A

Serous pericardium

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9
Q

– lines inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

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10
Q

adheres to the heart wall, considered the superficial layer of the heart wall

A

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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11
Q

The heart wall consists of three layers

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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12
Q

the layer of heart that (visceral pericardium) - the serous membrane that covers the heart

A

epicardium

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13
Q

the layer of heart that is composed of cardiac muscle tissue

A

myocardium

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14
Q

the layer of heart that is simple squamous epithelium that lines the chambers of the heart

A

endocardium

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15
Q

contain noncontractile pacemaker cells

A

nodal tissue

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16
Q

upper right atrium, pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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17
Q

– located where the interventricular septum meets the atria o Slight delay in conduction occurs here o Only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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18
Q

located primarily in the superior portion of the interventricular septum

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)

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19
Q

continue through the interventricular septum to the apex

A

Right and left bundle branches

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20
Q

from the apex into the walls of the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

generates impulses (“fires”) 60-75 times/minute

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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22
Q

senses the arrival of the action potential, delays the impulse approximately 0.1 second and then responds by “firing” its action potential

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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23
Q

Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via the

A

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

24
Q

AV bundle splits into two pathways in the

A

interventricular septum (bundle branches)

25
Q

carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart

A

Bundle branches

26
Q

carry the impulse to the heart apex and ventricular walls

A

carry the impulse to the heart apex and ventricular walls

27
Q

is “a recording of the electrical activity of the heart” as the heart undergoes repeated cardiac cycles

A

ECG = electrocardiogram (EKG)

28
Q

Lasts about 0.08 sec  Represents the electrical activity associated with depolarization of the atria
the atria then undergo contraction

A

P wave

29
Q

Also lasts about 0.08 sec; this is in spite of the much more massive ventricles that become depolarized  Associated with firing of the AV node and rapid conduction of AP by bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, as well as the depolarization then of the remaining ventricular myocardium
precedes and leads to ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)

A

QRS complex:

30
Q

Caused by ventricular repolarization  Lasts ~ 0.16 sec (repolarization takes much longer than depolarization of the ventricle) 
is more spread out and has a lower amplitude than QRS wave

A

T Wave

31
Q

Time from beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

A

P-R Interval

32
Q

Time interval during which the AP is in a plateau state  Entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized

A

S-T segment

33
Q

Beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization.

A

Q-T Interval

34
Q

Is stimulated by nerves, however is self-excitable (automaticity)  Contracts as a unit  Has a long (200 ms) absolute refractory period

A

Cardiac Muscle Contraction:  Heart muscle

35
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction similar to

A

skeletal contraction

36
Q

what is the difference between a skeletal and cardiac muscle with the means of stimulation

A

Skeletal:  Each skeletal muscle fiber must be stimulated to contract by a nerve ending 
Cardiac:  Cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable  Can initiate their own depolarization in a rhythmic way (autorhythmicity – can pace the heart)

37
Q

what is the difference between a skeletal and cardiac muscle the Organ versus motor unit contraction

A

 Skeletal:  All cells of a given motor unit are stimulated to contract at the same time. 
Cardiac:  Depolarization wave is transmitted across the heart from cell to cell via ion passage through gap junctions, tying all cardiac muscle cells together into a single unit.

38
Q

what is the difference between a skeletal and cardiac muscle the Length of absolute refractory period

A

 Skeletal:  Lasts 1-2 ms 
Cardiac:  Lasts ~200ms, nearly as long as the contraction  This helps to prevent tetany which would stop the heart’s pumping action.

39
Q

inexcitable period when Na+ channels are still open or are closed/inactivated.

A

refractory period

40
Q

Duration of AP and contractile phase is much greater in in the ? then the ?

A

cardiac than in skeletal muscle.

41
Q

refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart

A

Cardiac cycle

42
Q

contraction of heart muscle

A

Systole

43
Q

relaxation of heart muscle

A

Diastole

44
Q

Ventricular filling – mid-to-late diastole
Heart blood pressure is ? as blood enters the ?
when the AV valves are open, then the?
ends?

A

low—atria and flows into ventricles
atrial systole occurs
diastolic volume

45
Q

Isovolumetric Contraction Phase
artia does what?
Rising ventricular pressure results in ?
blood vol. is

A

low
in closing of AV valves
constant

46
Q

Ventricular ejection phase
opens?
end of?

A

semilunar valves

systolic volume

47
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation – early diastole
Ventricles do what?
Backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes what?
is a brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves

A

relax
semilunar valves
dicrotic notch

48
Q

On right side, pressure differs, as this is the

A

pulmonary circuit

49
Q

requires less pressure to circulate blood through the lungs that the systemic circulation requires to force blood through all of the other blood vessels in the body, which has to oppose greater gravitational forces

A

pulmonary circulation

50
Q

But both sides of heart eject the ?

A

same blood volume with each heartbeat

51
Q

Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction. is called

A

stroke volume

52
Q

The 3 most important factors affecting stroke volume:

A

preload, contractility, afterload

53
Q

the stroke volume that has amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood
Slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return to the heart, increasing SV  Blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat decrease SV

A

preload

54
Q

cardiac cell contractile force

is the increase in contractile strength

A

Contractility

55
Q

Increase in contractility comes from:

A

Increased sympathetic stimuli 
Certain hormones
 Ca2+ and some drugs

56
Q

contractility Agents/factors that decrease contractility include:

A

Acidosis 

Calcium channel blockers

57
Q

the stroke volume that has back pressure exerted on valves by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart
those with high blood pressure, SV can be significantly decrease

A

afterload

AP class (18 decks)

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