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AP class > Chapter 16 endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 16 endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

an organ that produces and secretes hormones

A

Endocrine gland

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2
Q

hormones are released into

A

surrounding tissue fluid (“ductless” glands), taken into the blood, and distributed throughout the body

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3
Q

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, and gonads are what kind of gland

A

Endocrine Glands

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4
Q

The hypothalamus has what kind of functions

A

both neural and endocrine functions

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5
Q

chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids

A

Hormones

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6
Q

functions of hormones

A

Regulate metabolic functions of other cells (target cells)
o Have lag times ranging from seconds to hours
o Tend to have prolonged effects

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7
Q

most hormones belong to this class,

A

Protein (amino acid) based

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8
Q

synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine)

A

Amines (e.g., thyroxine

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9
Q

short chains of amino acids

A

Peptides

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10
Q

long chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

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11
Q

the only steroids made by endocrine organs

A

Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

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12
Q

Steroids: Made from

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

Hormones produce one or more of the following cellular changes in target cells

A 
Alter plasma membrane permeability (may lead to muscle fiber depolarization and contraction)
 Stimulate protein synthesis
 Activate or deactivate enzymes
 Induce secretory activity
 Stimulate mitosis
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14
Q

Hormones act at

A

receptors

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15
Q

all amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone is what kind of hormone recptor

A

Water soluble (hydrophilic) hormones

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16
Q

Water soluble (hydrophilic) hormones act on ? receptor that can/cannot enter cells and act through ? messangers

A

plasma
cannot
2nd

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17
Q

cAMP second messenger system

A

Adenylate cyclase

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18
Q

steroid and thyroid hormones is what kind of hormone receptor

A

Lipid soluble (hydrophobic) hormones

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19
Q

act on receptors inside the cell, directly activates genes

A

Direct gene activation

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20
Q

The precise response depends on the type of

A

target cell and receptor molecules present

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21
Q

Most protein-based hormones can’t cross the

A

plasma membrane, so they work through 2nd messengers

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22
Q

A hormone binds to a receptor on the? that leads to ?

A

outer surface of the cell membrane

which leads to a cascade of chemical events, eventually to produce the hormone effect on the target cell

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23
Q

(cAMP)Hormone (first messenger) binds to a receptor on the outer membrane surface, which leads to

A

a G protein binding to the receptor on the inner membrane surface

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24
Q

(cAMP) once the G protein binds to the receptor it is then

A

activated

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25
Q

(cAMP)Activated G protein then converts ?

A

adenylate cyclase into its active form

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26
Q

(cAMP)Adenylate cyclase catalyzes a reaction to

A

generate cAMP (second messenger) from ATP

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27
Q

cAMP activates ? that lead to?

A

protein kinases

leading to the cellular effects of the hormone

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28
Q

This enzymatic cascade has a large amplification effect

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP) – a 2nd messenger

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29
Q

Activated adenylate cyclase generates large numbers of

A

cAMP, which activates several protein kinase molecules

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30
Q

A single protein kinase can catalyze

A

hundreds of reactions

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31
Q

Steroids are what kind of soluables

A

lipids soluble, hydrophobic

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32
Q

an diffuse through cell membranes and into cells and the nucleu

A

steriods

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33
Q

the cell has a specific intracellular receptor for the steroid in its cytoplasm or nucleus, the steroid binds to the? to create?

A

receptor to create a hormone-receptor complex

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34
Q

The hormone-receptor complex binds with a

A

DNA-associated receptor protein

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35
Q

The associated gene in the DNA is ? by the ?

A

“turned on” by the hormone receptor binding with DNA

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36
Q

(protein synthesis) does what

A

Leads to gene expression

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37
Q

The protein may act as an ?

to catalyze a chemical reaction associated with the hormone effect, or the protein may be part of a?

A

enzyme

part of a secretion that is part of the hormone effect

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38
Q

Hormone release is stimulated in three ways that are

A

humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli

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39
Q

In most instances, these control mechanisms ( humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli) rely on

A

negative feedback to control homeostatic levels.

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40
Q

Humoral Control secretion of hormones occurs in response to changes in

A

ion or nutrient concentration

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41
Q

Example of Humoral Control

A

Regulation of Blood Calcium Ions:

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42
Q

Example of Humoral Control

When blood Ca++ concentrations get too low:

A

stimulates the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
 PTH stimulates osteoclast activity, which causes blood Ca++ concentrations to rise

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43
Q

Example of Humoral Control

When blood Ca++ levels reach their set point is release?

A

PTH release is inhibited

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44
Q

nerve fibers conduct impulses, which stimulates the release of hormones from axonal nerve fibers or cells that are innervated by the nerve fiber

A

Neural Control

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45
Q

Examples of Neural Control:

 Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate the

A

adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine during periods of acute stress

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46
Q

Examples of Neural Control:
Posterior pituitary hormones (ADH & oxytocin) are released by? whose cell bodies are in the?and whose axons extend into the?

A

neurosecretory cells
hypothalamus of the brain
posterior lobe of the pituitary

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47
Q

release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs

A

Hormonal Control

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48
Q

Hormonal Control involves what kind of hormone

A

tropic hormones

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49
Q

example of hormonal control
A hormone that regulate anterior pituitary hormone release and many anterior pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine organs

A

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

50
Q

example of hormonal control
hormone released by the anterior pituitary targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland, which respond by increasing their release of thyroxines

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

51
Q

two-lobed organ that secretes eight major hormones, connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

A

Pituitary gland

52
Q

posterior lobe (neural tissue), connected via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

A

Neurohypophysis

53
Q

posterior lobe (neural tissue Neurohypophysis Receives, stores, and releases hormones from the

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

anterior lobe, made up of glandular tissue, connected via hypophyseal portal system
Synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones

A

adenohypophysis

55
Q

Primary capillary plexus and secondary capillary plexus; capillary beds
are interconnected by hypophyseal portal veins

A

Capillary Plexuses

56
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones: list

A

Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)

57
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones list

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) also known as vasopression
58
Q

makes many hormones and releases them in response to activity of the
hypothalamus (releasing factors secreted by neurosecretory cells).

A

Anterior pituitary

59
Q

is actually an outgrowth of the embryonic brain and continues to function as
nervous tissue throughout life

A

The posterior pituitary

60
Q

their source gland/hormone

Pineal Gland

A

melatonin

61
Q

their source gland/hormone

Alpha cells of pancreatic islets

A

glucagon

62
Q

their source gland/hormone

Thyroid

A

thyroxine

63
Q

their source gland/hormone

Hypothalamus

A

antidiutic hormone

64
Q

their source gland/hormone

Anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone

65
Q

with their target tissue/organ.

uterus

A

oxytocin

66
Q

with their target tissue/organ.

anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

67
Q

with their target tissue/organ.

most cells of the body

A

T3 and T4

68
Q

with their target tissue/organ.
kidney
adrenal cortex – zona glomerulosa

A

aldosterone

69
Q

with their target tissue/organ.

ovaries and testes

A

luteinizing hormone

70
Q

the cells that produce testosterone

A

Interstitial cell

71
Q

During the first phase of the ovarian cycle FSH stimulates the growth of what structure

A

follicle

72
Q

The surge of luteinizing hormone approximately midway through the ovarian cycle causes

A

ovulation

73
Q

An increased level of estrogen promotes the growth of the functional layer of the endometrium during what phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Proliferative

74
Q

The corpus luteum primarily produces what hormone

A

progestrone

75
Q

Assume a steroid hormone has reached a target cell. Select the choice representing the correct sequence of events.

A
  1. hormone diffuses through the cell membrane
  2. hormone molecules bind to receptor molecules within the cell
  3. hormone-receptor complex migrates and binds to DNA
  4. genes become activated
  5. mRNA transcript is built/protein synthesis follows
76
Q

Hormones that act on plasma membrane receptors are

A

Hydrophilic

77
Q

Hormone release caused by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients is caused by

A

Humoral stimuli

78
Q

Is part of the infundibulum

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

79
Q

Hormones are transported from the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland through the

A

Hypophyseal portal system

80
Q

What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones, T3 and T4:

A

Increases metabolic rate

81
Q

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce

A

Calcitonin

82
Q

Grave’s disease is due to:

A

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone and increases metabolic rate

83
Q

is a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium

A

Activation of osteoclasts
Increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys
Increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions

84
Q

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to

A

Cortisol

85
Q

Epinephrine is produced by the

A

adrenal medulla

86
Q

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone in a child is called

A

Gigantism

87
Q

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone in a adults is called

A

Acromegaly

88
Q

Release of follicle stimulating hormone is caused by:

A

Hormonal stimuli

89
Q

The target tissue of adrenocorticotropic hormone is:

A

Adrenal Cortex

90
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates closes causes a disorder known as:

A

acromegaly

91
Q

Endocrine cells that increase hormone secretion in response to other hormones are controlled by:

A

hormonal stimuli.

92
Q

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

A

pituitary gland

93
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

A

thyroid gland

94
Q

When growth hormone levels are low, which hormone stimulates its release?

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

95
Q

Aldosterone regulates

A

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels.

96
Q

Excess cortisol could result in:

A

high blood glucose levels.

97
Q

Glucosuria and ketonuria are characteristic of:

A

diabetes mellitus.

98
Q

The majority of amino acid hormones exert their effects through:

A

Second messengers

99
Q

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on:

A

The presence of specific receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

100
Q

Growth hormone indirectly mediates many of its long term growth enhancing effects through

A

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

101
Q

Which of the following is not an action of glucagon?

A

Transport of glucose into most body cells

102
Q

From superficial to deep, the three layers of the adrenal cortex are:

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis.

103
Q

anterior pituitary produces what kind of hormone

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

104
Q

most cells of the body

A

thyroid hormone

105
Q

ovaries and testes

A

follicle stimulating hormone

106
Q

mammary glands

A

prolactin

107
Q

kidney tubules

A

antidiuretic hormone

108
Q

What stimulates melatonin production

A

light and dark cycles

109
Q

Hormones only affect certain types of cells known as target cells T/F

A

true

110
Q

What type of hormone can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

A

hydrophobic hormones

111
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

A

catecholamines

112
Q

What does thyrotropin-releasing hormone target?

A

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

113
Q

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

A

water retention by the kidneys

114
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum

115
Q

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?

A

hypothalmus

116
Q

Upon binding to a receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex, steroid hormones may cause:

A

an increase in protein synthesis

117
Q

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

A

iodine

118
Q

Excess cortisol could result in:

A

high blood glucose levels

119
Q

What hormones are made by the posterior pituitary?

A

none

120
Q

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH

A

hypocalcemia

121
Q

What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A

mineralocorticoids

AP class (18 decks)

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